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Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Sechin Chang,
Brian Condon,
Jade Smith,
Michael Easson
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
269-276
Received:
21 August 2017
Accepted:
6 September 2017
Published:
16 October 2017
Abstract: Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.
Abstract: Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phospho...
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Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Aerogels – The World’s 3D Lightest Materials for Environment Applications: A Review
Phan Ngoc Hong,
Dang Nhat Minh,
Nguyen Van Hung,
Phan Ngoc Minh,
Phan Hong Khoi
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
277-283
Received:
25 August 2017
Accepted:
13 September 2017
Published:
29 October 2017
Abstract: Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Aerogels (CNTAs & GAs)- the world’s lightest 3D materials (GA isseven times lighter than air - a cubic meter weighs just 160 grams) attracted widespread attention due to their excellent mechanical compressible properties, high temperature and thermal stability, recyclable and highly efficient organic pollutants adsorption capability (GA can absorb up to 900 times its own weight in oil and do so quickly, with one gram of Aerogel able to absorb up to 68.8 grams of organics per second). In this review, we present briefly recent progress in synthesis methods for fabrication of 3D CNTAs andGAs and their emerging applications in the field of environmental protection such as removingoil, organic pollutants, arsenic ions and other toxic metalsfrom water. Furthermore, to assist advanced research for practical applications of these 3D materials, the technical challenges are discussed, and future research directions are proposed.
Abstract: Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Aerogels (CNTAs & GAs)- the world’s lightest 3D materials (GA isseven times lighter than air - a cubic meter weighs just 160 grams) attracted widespread attention due to their excellent mechanical compressible properties, high temperature and thermal stability, recyclable and highly efficient organic pollutants adsorpti...
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FGF-2, MMP-8 and Integrin α2β1 Expression in Periodontal ligament Remodelling Tension Area with Nanopowder Stichopus hermanii Application to Prevent Orthodontic Relapsing
Noengki Prameswari,
Puguh Bayu Prabowo
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
284-289
Received:
19 October 2017
Accepted:
23 October 2017
Published:
16 November 2017
Abstract: Background: Orthodontic relapse tendency occurs 33–90 per cent after at least 10 years post-treatment. Orthodontic Relapsing is the return, following orthodontic correction, at the end of treatment. Relapse, a return to the original teeth position, caused by periodontal, occlusal, soft tissue factor and growth. Nanopowder Stichopus hermanii have various active ingredient such as protein, collagen, flavonoid, chondroitin sulphate, cell growth factor, EPA DHA, that might have role to FGF-2, MMP-8, Integrin α2β1 in periodontal ligament remodelling tension area in reducing orthodontic relapsing. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate application of Nanopowder Stichopus hermanii to prevent relaps orthodontic by periodontal ligament remodelling tension area through FGF-2, MMP-8, and Integrin α2β1 parameter. Material and Method: The experiment was held by Post Test Only Group design. Twenty four male Cavia Cobaya were divided into three groups. K(-) group as negative control group (without treatment), K(+) group as positive control group which were applied with relaps orthodontic forces, and the other groups P, were applied with relaps orthodontic forces and nanopowder Stichopus hermanii 3%. After treatment the cavia cobaya were sacrificed. FGF-2, MMP-8, and Integrin α2β1 expression is examined with immunohistochemistry. Results: Application nanopowder Stichopus hermanii can reduce relaps until 30%. This study showed FGF-2 expresssion are 13,9±2,6; 6,5±1,4; 21±4,6; MMP-8 expression means and SD in K(-), K(+), P are 3.75±1.49; 14.88±2.64; 9.13±1 and Integrin α2β1 expression are 5.25±1.28; 12.88±1.36; 16.50±2.33. There was significantly differences in group P compare to K(-) and K(+). Conclusion: Application of Nanopowder Stichopus hermanii have role in periodontal ligament remodeling tension area through increasing FGF-2, decreasing MMP-8, increasing Integrin α2β1 and Collagen type 1 parameter to prevent relaps orthodontic until 30%.
Abstract: Background: Orthodontic relapse tendency occurs 33–90 per cent after at least 10 years post-treatment. Orthodontic Relapsing is the return, following orthodontic correction, at the end of treatment. Relapse, a return to the original teeth position, caused by periodontal, occlusal, soft tissue factor and growth. Nanopowder Stichopus hermanii have va...
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Effect of Silicon and Calcium on Human Dental Pulp Cell Cultures
Jomana Alsenan,
Laisheng Chou
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
290-296
Received:
10 September 2017
Accepted:
21 September 2017
Published:
4 December 2017
Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the odontogenic effects of Silicon, Calcium and Phosphorous on human dental pulp cells. Human dental pulp cells derived from extracted pristine teeth were cultured in growth media with supplements of Si 25ppm, Si 25ppm+Ca 8.3ppm, Si 25ppm+Ca 8.3ppm+P 4.16ppm, Si 50ppm, Si 50ppm+Ca 16.7ppm, Si 50ppm+Ca 16.7ppm+P 8.3ppm and media without additional supplement as control, for the time intervals of 16 hours, 7, 12, and 21 days. Cell proliferation rates were measured by the optical density of crystal violet dye stained cells. ALP activity was measured by fluorometric assay. Expression of Dentin Sialoprotein (DSP) was measured by ELISA. Mineralization of cultures was measured by Alizarin Red staining. The data were presented as the mean of triplicates and normalized on a per million cell basis. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests. Culture with 50ppm supplemental Si at day 21 yield significantly higher levels of ALP activity, DSP expression and mineralization (P<0.05) compared to the control group and other supplemented groups. Cultures with Si 25ppm+Ca 8.3ppm supplemental and Si 50ppm+Ca 16.7ppm supplemental displayed significantly higher cell proliferation rates compared to the control group at day 12 (P<0.05) and at day 21 (P<0.05). Supplemental silicon in concentration of 50 ppm could significantly induce differentiation and mineralization of normal human dental pulp cells. Calcium has a synergetic effect in up-regulating the proliferation rates. This is the first report to demonstrate the silicon- and calcium-induced mineralized tissue formation of human dental pulp cell cultures, leading to the potential development and clinical application of a future novel dental pulp capping material.
Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the odontogenic effects of Silicon, Calcium and Phosphorous on human dental pulp cells. Human dental pulp cells derived from extracted pristine teeth were cultured in growth media with supplements of Si 25ppm, Si 25ppm+Ca 8.3ppm, Si 25ppm+Ca 8.3ppm+P 4.16ppm, Si 50ppm, Si 50ppm+Ca 16.7ppm, Si 50ppm+Ca 16.7ppm+...
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Application of Mathematical Statistics Analysis Algorithm for Chemical Data
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
297-301
Received:
5 December 2017
Published:
6 December 2017
Abstract: In this paper, chemical process data is analyzed by variance, the least square algorithm and then comparing the original data and processed data in excel. Through the comparing result, processed data is easier for operators to observe and find out rules and hidden problems in chemical conditions. According to the two algorithms, experienced operators can adjust chemical conditions to be normal. So they are better ways to optimize chemical conditions, as a result, the data analysis algorithm make a contribution to chemical industry.
Abstract: In this paper, chemical process data is analyzed by variance, the least square algorithm and then comparing the original data and processed data in excel. Through the comparing result, processed data is easier for operators to observe and find out rules and hidden problems in chemical conditions. According to the two algorithms, experienced operato...
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Electromagnetic Wave Absorber with Isotropic and Anisotropic Metamaterials
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
302-308
Received:
5 December 2017
Published:
6 December 2017
Abstract: The absorption characteristics of the electromagnetic wave propagating through one dimensional system with the metamaterials are studied basing on the transfer matrix method. The relations between the absorptivity with the frequency of the incident wave and the thickness of the metamaterials are calculated. The results show that the absorptivity is about 100% near the resonant frequency of the isotropic metamaterials. This means that the metamaterials can be used as a narrow band absorber. The thickness of the metamaterials determines the width of the band. Furthermore the absorption characteristics of the multilayers system with the isotropic and anisotropic metamaterials are studied. The band width increases with the addition of the layer number. The absorption is dependent on the polarization direction of the incident electromagnetic wave for the anisotropic metamaterials. Thus the anisotropic metamaterials can be used to be the polarization tunable absorber. The layer number can also determine the frequency for the maximum absorption as for the multilayer system.
Abstract: The absorption characteristics of the electromagnetic wave propagating through one dimensional system with the metamaterials are studied basing on the transfer matrix method. The relations between the absorptivity with the frequency of the incident wave and the thickness of the metamaterials are calculated. The results show that the absorptivity is...
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Impact Properties Study of Fibre Reinforced Resin Matrix Composites
Hebin Hu,
Xueliang Bian,
Xiaoyan Cao,
Wenqi Shen,
Bing Li
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
309-315
Received:
5 December 2017
Published:
6 December 2017
Abstract: In order to study the impact resistance of new resin-based fiber composite materials and apply them to the electric vehicle battery PACK box, the dynamic simulation for fiber composite laminates is carried out based on ANSYS ACP module and Explicit Dynamics module. In the calculation of the finite element model, the damage of the material is judged according to the change of the maximum stress and the maximum strain of the top surface about experiment samples. Calculate the difference between the stress or strain of the carbon fiber and the glass fiber at different impact heights to determine whether they have a good resistant ability to impact. Finally, compared with the results of hammer-dropping test, verify the accuracy and reliability of numerical simulation method.
Abstract: In order to study the impact resistance of new resin-based fiber composite materials and apply them to the electric vehicle battery PACK box, the dynamic simulation for fiber composite laminates is carried out based on ANSYS ACP module and Explicit Dynamics module. In the calculation of the finite element model, the damage of the material is judged...
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Characterization of Togolese Gneisses and Granites by Rock Drilling Test
Pachoukova Irina,
Ayite Yawovi Mawuénya Xolali Dany,
Bedja Koffi-Sa
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
316-324
Received:
22 November 2017
Accepted:
4 December 2017
Published:
27 December 2017
Abstract: This paper introduces the study of Togolese gneiss and granites’ intrinsic properties such as mineralogical composition, density, porosity, homogeneity one the one hand, and their mechanical properties such as resistance to attrition, abrasion and puncturing depth on the other. After the correlation analysis, significant correlations between the mechanical properties of the rocks (Los Angeles and Micro-Deval) and the depth of perforation obtained by the rock drilling test were found, as well as the not significant correlations between the mineralogical composition and the physical properties of the rock were observed. Laboratories test often performed to obtain Los Angeles and Micro-Deval values are expensive and time consuming. For this, the depths (parallel and perpendicular to the foliation planes for the gneisses or two perpendicular planes for the granites) obtained during a rock drilling test will be used to estimate its coefficients (Los Angeles and Micro-Deval). This study, is based on a database of a sample size of 32 to determine the parameters of the multifactorial model of size 6 used for the validation tests.
Abstract: This paper introduces the study of Togolese gneiss and granites’ intrinsic properties such as mineralogical composition, density, porosity, homogeneity one the one hand, and their mechanical properties such as resistance to attrition, abrasion and puncturing depth on the other. After the correlation analysis, significant correlations between the me...
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