Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Sechin Chang; Brian Condon; Jade Smith; Michael Easson

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

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Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Sechin Chang, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, Michael Easson

Published in International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 6, Issue 6)

Received: 21 August 2017 Accepted: 6 September 2017 Published: 16 October 2017

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Abstract

Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H and ¹³C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO₂. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.

Published in	International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 6, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
Page(s)	269-276
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cotton Fabric, Flame Retardant, Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Flame Test

References

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[2]	A. R. Horrocks, B. K. Kandola, P. J. Davies, S. Zhang, and S. A. Padbury, “Developments in flame retardant textiles- a review”, Polymer Degradation Stability vol. 88(1), pp. 3-12, 2005.
[3]	S. Hörold, “Phosphorus flame retardants in thermoset resins”, Polymer Degradation Stability vol. 64(3), pp. 427-431, 1999.
[4]	H. Horacek, and R. Grabner, “Advantages of flame retardants based on nitrogen compounds”, Polymer Degradation Stability vol. 54(2-3), pp. 205-215, 1996.
[5]	S. V. Levchik, “Introduction to flame retardancy and polymer flammability,” in Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites, A. B. Morgan and C. A. Wilkie, Eds. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007, pp. 1-19.
[6]	E. D. Weil, “Synergists, adjuvants and antagonists in flame retardant systems,” in Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, A. F. Grand and C. A. Wilkie, Eds. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999, pp. 115-145.
[7]	C. Y. Yin, J. B. Li, Q. Xu, Q. Peng, Y. B. Liu, and X. Y. Shen, “Chemical modification of cotton cellulose in supercritical carbon dioxide: Synthesis and characterization of cellulose carbamate”, Carbohydrate Polymers vol. 67(2), pp. 147-154, 2007.
[8]	G. Kraft, C. Muss, C. Adelwöhrer, T. Roder, and T. Rosenau, “Treatment of cellulosic fibers with supercritical carbon dioxide”, Lenzinger Berichte vol. 83, pp. 117–121, 2004.
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[12]	American Society for Standards and Testing (ASTM D-2863-09) Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index) 2009.
[13]	American Society for Standards and Testing (ASTM D-6413-08) Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Flame Test) 2008.
[14]	Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 8.03, West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2013, pp 1–11.
[15]	T.-M. Nguyen, S. Chang, B. Condon, R. Slopek, E. Graves, and M. Yoshioka-Tarver, “Structural effect of phosphoramidate derivatives on the thermal and flame retardant behaviors of treated cotton cellulose”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research vol. 52(13), pp. 4715-4724, 2013.
[16]	A. A. Faroq, D. Price, G. J. Milnes, and A. R. Horrocks, “Thermogravimetric analysis study of the mechanism of pyrolysis of untreated and flame retardant treated cotton fabrics under a continuous flow of nitrogen”, Polymer Degradation and Stability vol. 44(3), pp. 323-333, 1994.
[17]	Y. Chen, A. Frendi, S. S. Tewari, and M. Sibulkin, “Combustion properties of pure and fire-retarded cellulose”, Combustion and Flame vol. 84(1-2), pp. 121-140, 1991.
[18]	Y. Chen, H. Peng, J. Li, Z. Xia, and H. Tan, “A novel flame retardant containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur”, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry vol. 115(2), pp. 1639-1649, 2014.
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APA Style

Sechin Chang, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, Michael Easson. (2017). Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 6(6), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

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ACS Style

Sechin Chang; Brian Condon; Jade Smith; Michael Easson. Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2017, 6(6), 269-276. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

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AMA Style

Sechin Chang, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, Michael Easson. Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2017;6(6):269-276. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11,
  author = {Sechin Chang and Brian Condon and Jade Smith and Michael Easson},
  title = {Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {6},
  number = {6},
  pages = {269-276},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20170606.11},
  abstract = {Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
AU  - Sechin Chang
AU  - Brian Condon
AU  - Jade Smith
AU  - Michael Easson
Y1  - 2017/10/16
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP  - 269
EP  - 276
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
AB  - Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.
VL  - 6
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Sechin Chang

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, USA
Brian Condon

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, USA
Jade Smith

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, USA
Michael Easson

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, USA

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APA Style

Sechin Chang, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, Michael Easson. (2017). Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 6(6), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

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ACS Style

Sechin Chang; Brian Condon; Jade Smith; Michael Easson. Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2017, 6(6), 269-276. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

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AMA Style

Sechin Chang, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, Michael Easson. Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2017;6(6):269-276. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11,
  author = {Sechin Chang and Brian Condon and Jade Smith and Michael Easson},
  title = {Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {6},
  number = {6},
  pages = {269-276},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20170606.11},
  abstract = {Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
AU  - Sechin Chang
AU  - Brian Condon
AU  - Jade Smith
AU  - Michael Easson
Y1  - 2017/10/16
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP  - 269
EP  - 276
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
AB  - Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.
VL  - 6
IS  - 6
ER  -

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