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Antiplasmodial Activities of Flavonoids from Leaves of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae)
Issa Karama,
Moussa Compaoré,
Abdoulaye Djandé,
Orokia Traoré,
Latifou Lagnika,
Martin Kiendrebeogo
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020
Pages:
1-5
Received:
29 January 2020
Accepted:
19 February 2020
Published:
28 February 2020
Abstract: The discovery of new molecules for fighting against malaria is still relevant to overcome Plasmodium sp resistance. Phenolic compounds from medicinal plants have shown antiplasmodial properties. In addition, the targets of flavonoids on P. falciparum are multiple. This work aimed to identify the antiplasmodial compounds from methanol extract of Securidaca longepedunculata leaves. The inhibition of β-hematin formation was used to detect antiplasmodial compounds through a bio-guided chromatographic fractionation procedures. W2 strain was inhibited by flavonoids fractions Fc1 and Fb4 with 6.98 and 10.39 µg/mL as IC50 respectively. Also, fractions of phenol acids have shown good activities on the inhibition of β-hematin formation. The HPLC analyze showed that S. longepedunculata leaves extract contained quercetin, 3-β-quercetin, luteolin, chrysin, isorhamnetin, hyperoside, rutin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, tannic acid and ferulic acid. Among these compounds identified, some had shown antiplasmodial and inhibitory activities on the formation of β-hematin. The antimalarial activity of the leaves of S. longepedunculata would be due in part to phenolic acids and flavonoids. The antiplasmodial activity observed in this work would be due in part to the ability of flavonoids from S. longepedunculata leaves to inhibit the formation of β-hematin. This finding could justify partially the S. longepedunculata uses in malaria treatment in Burkina Faso.
Abstract: The discovery of new molecules for fighting against malaria is still relevant to overcome Plasmodium sp resistance. Phenolic compounds from medicinal plants have shown antiplasmodial properties. In addition, the targets of flavonoids on P. falciparum are multiple. This work aimed to identify the antiplasmodial compounds from methanol extract of Sec...
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Frequency of Merozoite Surface Protein 2 (MSP2) Allelic Families and Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) Resistance Markers Among Pregnant Women in Delta State, Nigeria)
Chiamaka Evan Achu,
Obioma Chebechi Nwaorgu,
Chukwudi Michael Egbuche,
Dorothy Amuche Ezeagwuna,
Olusola Ajibaye,
Denis Nnanna Aribodor
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020
Pages:
6-14
Received:
8 February 2020
Accepted:
20 February 2020
Published:
17 March 2020
Abstract: Malaria in pregnancy is a public health problem and requires prophylactic treatment with Sulphadoxine–Pyrimethamine (SP) drug. However, the emergence and spread of SP-resistance P. falciparum parasite across Nigeria poses serious threat to the efficacy and effectiveness of this preventive intervention. This study aimed to determine the frequency of MSP2 allelic families and SP resistance molecular markers of P. falciparum among asymptomatic pregnant women in Asaba, Delta State. Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Microscopy were used to detect malaria parasite infection among the study participants. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to confirm parasitaemia using P. falciparum MSP2 as a marker while Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify P. falciparum SP-resistance molecular markers at codons 51, 59, 108, 164 of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), and codons 437, 540, 581 and 431 of dihydropteorate synthetase (dhps) genes. The prevalence of malaria from the 410 pregnant women examined at first antenatal registration were 8.29% and 17.07% using RDT and microscopy, respectively (P < 0.05). MSP2 alleles of P. falciparum were confirmed in 43 (61.43%) cases of the microscopy result. Fourteen different MSP2 fragments of the two major allelic families: 3D7 and FC27 were obtained. The allelic frequencies were 52.9% and 15.7% for 3D7 and FC27, respectively, with overlap in 5 cases (P < 0.05). Multiplicity of infection was 1.31. Using RFLP, 47 (67.12%) samples showed polymorphism in at least one codon of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes. In the Pfdhfr gene, C59R and N51I mutations showed the highest (78.72%) and the least (23.4%) prevalence, respectively (P < 0.05). In the Pfdhps gene, A437G and K540E mutations showed the highest (44.68%) and the least (36.17%) prevalence respectively (P > 0.05). Single mutation of C59R in 10 (21.28%) cases was the most prevalent haplotype in the Pfdhfr/Pfdhps genes (P < 0.05). Mutation variations of Pfdhfr/Pfdhps identified were 15 (31.91%) single, 14 (29.79%) double, 13 (27.66%) triple and 5 (10.64%) quadruple with 5, 8, 6 and 3 unique haplotypes, respectively. The study recorded the presence of malaria parasites among the study participants. P. falciparum SP resistant genes were also detected and this may present a challenge in the usefulness of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp-SP) in pregnancy.
Abstract: Malaria in pregnancy is a public health problem and requires prophylactic treatment with Sulphadoxine–Pyrimethamine (SP) drug. However, the emergence and spread of SP-resistance P. falciparum parasite across Nigeria poses serious threat to the efficacy and effectiveness of this preventive intervention. This study aimed to determine the frequency of...
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Comparison of Three Diagnostic Methods for the Detection of Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii IgG Antibodies at Prenatal Screening
Genco Francesca,
Meroni Valeria,
De Silvestri Annalisa,
Bouthry Elise
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020
Pages:
15-19
Received:
6 March 2020
Accepted:
31 March 2020
Published:
13 April 2020
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are typically asymptomatic infections, but they can have serious consequences mainly in newborns and immunocompromised patients. In many parts of the world, these infections are routinely screened during pregnancy (toxoplasmosis) and, in others, high-risk individuals are tested using fully automated screening assays. In this study, we investigated the performance of the three fully automated immunoassays, LIAISON® XL DiaSorin, Abbott Architect and Roche Cobas®, for the determination of specific IgG antibodies to Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii in human serum or plasma samples in terms of prevalence of CMV and Toxo IgG detected, and both sensitivity and specificity. Performance of the LIAISON® assays was investigated compared to two other assays, ARCHITECT (CMV IgG and Toxo IgG assays) and Cobas® (CMV IgG and Toxo IgG assays). Discrepant anti CMV IgG and anti Toxoplasma IgG samples were tested for IgM to CMV and Toxoplasma to exclude early acute infection where IgG could be detected differently by the methods. Overall, for both CMV IgG and Toxo IgG, the LIAISON® assay was better than both the Cobas® and ARCHITECT assays in terms of CMV and Toxo IgG detected, and both diagnostic sensitivity and specificity performance although the difference is statistically significant only compared to Cobas®.
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are typically asymptomatic infections, but they can have serious consequences mainly in newborns and immunocompromised patients. In many parts of the world, these infections are routinely screened during pregnancy (toxoplasmosis) and, in others, high-risk individuals are tested usin...
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The Effects that the Current Climate Crisis have on the Biogeography and Environment, Needed Adaptations and Conservation
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020
Pages:
20-27
Received:
7 March 2020
Accepted:
23 March 2020
Published:
13 April 2020
Abstract: This study is a literature review aiming to give a summary of the effects that the current anthropogenic caused climate crisis has on the biogeography and environment, and further give examples of likely future adaptations and needed conservation work. This study is based on scientific articles, primary from Web of Science and Google Scholar. The biodiversity is under pressure due to climate changes, the average species extinction is currently two to three orders of magnitude higher than the normal background extinction, and faster than the rate of origination. This development follows the predictions of The Red Queen Hypothesis that every species must constantly evolve due to environmental changes in order to avoid extinction. The natural environments are changing due to e.g. increased extreme weather events and ocean acidification. The increased heating is causing drought, and adaptations of the biota is needed, like more drought resistant flora and fauna with the ability to undergo estivation. The increased oceanic acidity can cause the shells of calcifying organisms to dissolve. These organisms will need to either spend energy on increased calcification or develop in a way so they can carry out live with lesser calcification. If organisms cannot develop, they are likely to migrate to colder regions. In the ocean this means towards polar areas and to greater depths, and in the terrestrial environment it is pole wards and to greater altitudes. Conservation is needed, and there are multiple options. Ex situ might be the only option for species whose natural habitat will be forever gone if the development of the climate change continues as present. To carry out conservation to infinity is unrealistic, and we are at a point where climate change is threatening our food security. It is possible to both slow down the current climate crisis and counteract its consequences.
Abstract: This study is a literature review aiming to give a summary of the effects that the current anthropogenic caused climate crisis has on the biogeography and environment, and further give examples of likely future adaptations and needed conservation work. This study is based on scientific articles, primary from Web of Science and Google Scholar. The b...
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