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Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/S Conventional Cotton Production in Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan
Sanaullah Noonari,
Ms. Irfana Noor Memon,
Mukhtiar Ali Bhatti,
Moula Bux Perzado,
Shoaib Ahmed Wagan,
Qurat-ul-ain Memon,
Abass Ali Chandio,
Asif Ahmed Sethar,
Ghulam Yasin Kalwar,
Syed Taimoor Shah,
Abdul Shakoor Jamroo
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
72-85
Received:
8 February 2015
Accepted:
13 March 2015
Published:
21 April 2015
Abstract: Cotton is an important cash crop which covers 35 million hectares of land. Major objectives of the study were to examine the role of determinants of cotton yield to asses’ financial gain from Bt.cotton comparing with conventional Cotton. District Khairpur was selected for the present study where both Bt.cotton and conventional cotton varieties are grown primary data on Bt. cotton and conventional cotton was collected from the farmers through personal interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production function was used for yield analysis. Logit model was used to find the probability of Bt.cotton. Farmers growing Bt. cotton who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre were 46.66 percent, while 53.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10) kg per acre. Conventional cotton who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre was 66.66 percent while 33.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10) kg per acre. Total costs per acre in Bt.cotton sown were greater than the conventional Cotton activities, total costs incurred in the conventional cotton were far lower (about 26 percent lower) than Bt.cotton. On an average higher yield (40 mounds per acre) was obtained in Bt.cotton sown than conventional cotton yield (25 mounds per acre). Price gained per mounds was almost the same in two cotton activities. Higher profit was observed in Bt. cotton and very low profit was obtained in conventional cotton.
Abstract: Cotton is an important cash crop which covers 35 million hectares of land. Major objectives of the study were to examine the role of determinants of cotton yield to asses’ financial gain from Bt.cotton comparing with conventional Cotton. District Khairpur was selected for the present study where both Bt.cotton and conventional cotton varieties are ...
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Dynamics of Formal Seed Utilization and Use Intensity: Evidence from Wheat Growers in East Gojjam Province, North-western Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
86-97
Received:
22 March 2015
Accepted:
6 April 2015
Published:
28 April 2015
Abstract: Commercial agriculture is driven by utilization of modern agricultural inputs despite the variable rate of adoption and use intensity. This study investigates the major factors attributed to variation in households’ participation and intensity of formal seed useby taking 4 districts as a case in East Gojjam, Northwestern Ethiopia. A total of 250 farmers were selected following 3 stages and data were processed with Heckman Two-Stage Model using STATA (version 13). The result showed that households participation in formal seed use was significantly affected by land allocated for wheat and the number of oxen (positively, P<0.01), farming experience (positively, P<0.1) and age and off-farm income (negatively, P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively). Similarly, intensity of formal seed utilized was significantly influenced by size of wheat land, number of oxen and frequency of extension services (positively, P<0.01) and sex and family size (positively, P<0.05). The existing seed supply chains are inefficient, seed systems are institutionalized and there are weak initiatives for community based seed systems. Strong extension services, empowering females with financial incentives and encouraging farmer based seed multiplication system can improve farmers’ tendency of improved seed use. Rapid intervention on monopolistic distribution of seeds can bring about competitive seed markets which lead to sufficient supply with optimum prices.
Abstract: Commercial agriculture is driven by utilization of modern agricultural inputs despite the variable rate of adoption and use intensity. This study investigates the major factors attributed to variation in households’ participation and intensity of formal seed useby taking 4 districts as a case in East Gojjam, Northwestern Ethiopia. A total of 250 fa...
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Investigation of the Granger Causal Relationship Between Macroeconomic Variables and Stock Prices in Kenya
Mohammed Mustapha Wasseja,
Elizabeth Njoroge,
Samwel N. Mwenda
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
98-108
Received:
10 April 2015
Accepted:
16 April 2015
Published:
30 April 2015
Abstract: The aim of this paper was to analyze the causal relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock prices in the VAR(Vector Autoregressive) modeling framework using secondary time series annual data from 1980 to 2012. Sim's causality test based on Granger definition of causality was used to test the causality relationship while OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) is used to test for any significant relationship. According to Granger causality test results, it is evident that movement in the macroeconomic variables had no significant effect on stock prices except for inflation rate; exchange rate and change in stock prices also seem to be an insignificant factor explaining part of the movement in the macroeconomic variables except for market interest rates. Also, the regression test result shows that all the macroeconomic variables are jointly significant in explaining the variations in stock prices. Hence, the findings imply that the causality between macroeconomic variables and stock prices runs unilaterally or entirely in one direction from inflation rate and exchange rate to stock prices and from stock prices to market interest rates. Thus, there is evidence to show that inflation rate and exchange rate are the cause of movement on stock prices and stock prices are the cause of movement of interest rates in Kenya.
Abstract: The aim of this paper was to analyze the causal relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock prices in the VAR(Vector Autoregressive) modeling framework using secondary time series annual data from 1980 to 2012. Sim's causality test based on Granger definition of causality was used to test the causality relationship while OLS (Ordinary Le...
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Macroeconomic Effects of Fiscal Policy Shock in Nigeria: A SVAR Approach
Usenobong Friday Akpan,
Johnson Akpan Atan
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
109-120
Received:
15 April 2015
Accepted:
22 April 2015
Published:
6 May 2015
Abstract: This paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy shock in Nigeria using a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) framework on quarterly data for the period 1980:1-2010:4. From the empirical findings, the responses of real output and inflation may be asymmetrical depending on the component of government spending used as a fiscal stimulus to stabilized the economy. Basically, a positive shock to government capital spending on social and community services was found to have a persistent positive and significant impact on private consumption and real output but at the cost of higher inflation in the short term. A positive shock to oil revenue yield a significant positive impact on real output through its impact on public spending. In line with theory, the response of real output to innovations in business taxes is persistently negative, though insignificant. Private investment decisions in Nigeria does not seem to depend on the taxes paid to government, but on the cost of capital (interest rate) and perhaps on other crucial variables like market demand and profit expectations. The entire analysis clearly supports the argument that for the Nigerian experience, government is still relevant in stimulating real output through expenditure expansion on productive activities.
Abstract: This paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy shock in Nigeria using a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) framework on quarterly data for the period 1980:1-2010:4. From the empirical findings, the responses of real output and inflation may be asymmetrical depending on the component of government spending used as a fiscal s...
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The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth of Ethiopia (Through Transmission Channels)
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
121-132
Received:
28 April 2015
Accepted:
11 May 2015
Published:
21 May 2015
Abstract: The study has examined the impact of foreign aid on economic growth in Ethiopia through transmission channel (i.e through financing investment) over the period 1980/01 to 2013/14 using multivariate co integration analysis. The empirical result from the growth model shows that aid has a significant positive impact on growth in the long run. The empirical result from investment model also indicated that the positive and significant contribution of aid on investment in the long run. In other words the theoretical view of the gap models which is Aid can enhance growth by financing the saving gap is proven in this study. The growth equation further revealed that rainfall variability has a significant negative impact on economic growth. This study indicated also that the country has no problem of capacity constraint as to the flow of foreign aid.
Abstract: The study has examined the impact of foreign aid on economic growth in Ethiopia through transmission channel (i.e through financing investment) over the period 1980/01 to 2013/14 using multivariate co integration analysis. The empirical result from the growth model shows that aid has a significant positive impact on growth in the long run. The empi...
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Analysis of Rice Profitability and Marketing Chain: A Case Study of District Sukkur Sindh Pakistan
Sanaullah Noonari,
Ms. Irfana Noor Memon,
Asif Ali Jatoi,
Muola Bux peerzadio,
Abass Ali Chandio,
Shoaib Ahmed Wagan,
Asif Ahmed Sethar,
Ghulam Yasin Kalwar,
Mukhtiar Ali Bhatti,
Abdul Sami Korejo,
Ghulam Mustafa Panhwar,
Taimoor Shah
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
133-143
Received:
8 February 2015
Accepted:
13 March 2015
Published:
2 June 2015
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate rice profitability and marketing in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh. This study was based on primary data, which was collected from rice farming in study area. Analysis was done by using statistical technique like means, comparison of means and frequency distribution etc. Results shows rice farmer’s on average per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs.41910.00, this included Rs.15200.00, Rs.2350.00, Rs.2900.00, Rs.7460.00, Rs.7400.00 and Rs.6600.00 on fixed cost, Land preparation, Seed and sowing, Farm inputs, Harvesting and threshing marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Rice farmers on average per acre gross return of Rs.80200.00, Rs.70200.00 on rice grain and Rs.10000.00 on straw in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh. The rice farmers on an average per acre earned during study, Rs.38290.00 on net income, Rs.80200.00 on gross income and Rs.41910.00 on total expenditure in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh. Rice farmers on an average per acre gross income Rs.108400.00 and total expenditure is Rs.68310.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1: 1.58 from rice growing in the study area. The selected rice farmers on a net income per acre earned Rs.38290.00and total expenditure Rs.41910.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore, they availed input output ratio of 1:0.91 from rice growing in the study area.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate rice profitability and marketing in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh. This study was based on primary data, which was collected from rice farming in study area. Analysis was done by using statistical technique like means, comparison of means and frequency distribution etc. Results shows rice farmer...
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Microenterprises Targeting Youth Group to Socioeconomic Development: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Markos Kidane,
Dugassa Mulugeta,
Addis Adera,
Yonas Yimmam,
Tigabu Molla
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
144-156
Received:
1 May 2015
Accepted:
17 May 2015
Published:
2 June 2015
Abstract: Back ground: The sources of unemployment has been identified as one of the major challenges facing young people around the world, with the ranging from 25% to 45 % in most developing countries, “self-employment” and microenterprise as the only way to reach the poorest of the poor”. The unemployment rate of youth group is estimated to 26.1% based on CSA urban employment unemployment survey report 2010. Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess, and analyze microenterprises targeting youth to socioeconomic development in terms of poverty reduction, women empowerment, employment, and entrepreneurship. Method: The study was used a survey method. The survey method involved 120 micro enterprises which operated by youth groups. The sampling method was involved in ten sub-cities of Addis Ababa. The majority micro and small enterprise activity identification was based on the available information from MSE package and selected randomly. Data analysis was made by using descriptive statistics. Results: The results of this survey study, shows that majority of micro enterprises were, in the form of corporation, obtained their sources of initial capital from microfinance institutions, formed between years (2005 to 2008), set their vision to their enterprises during operation, profit earning microenterprises, survival microenterprises have a strategic plan of diversification, and have only permanent employees. Moreover, 1052 number of employees were working in different activities, however, from part time youth employees majority of them were family members. Additionally, majority of microenterprises were demanding growth oriented supports, were provided financial and non-financial supports from Addis Ababa MSE Agency and demanding in the future, were benefited from the different supports of governmental organizations, however, the remaining enterprises were leveled as very important to its essentiality. Furthermore, most of the respondents believed that employment in microenterprises could reduce poverty, and leveled as high in terms of its extent of importance to poverty reduction. From the available psychosocial constraints afraid of failure and criticism, faulty socialization, and low dignity of labor and inadequate motivation are the most serious problems that young entrepreneurs are facing. Conclusion: Institutions have to create favorable environments for youth targeting microenterprises such as fast credit access, systematic and easy collateral, and terms of payment. Additionally, researchers and policy makers have to emphasize for the sector growth and development specifically to youth target microenterprises, which in turn results to provide favorable policy framework.
Abstract: Back ground: The sources of unemployment has been identified as one of the major challenges facing young people around the world, with the ranging from 25% to 45 % in most developing countries, “self-employment” and microenterprise as the only way to reach the poorest of the poor”. The unemployment rate of youth group is estimated to 26.1% based on...
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Leadership and New Ways of Working: A Case Study in a Financial Service Organisation
Stoffers J.,
Kurstjens J.,
Schrijver I.
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
157-162
Received:
7 May 2015
Accepted:
20 May 2015
Published:
2 June 2015
Abstract: In financial service organisations clients are imposing increasingly greater demands on staff. The organisations need to find a balance between, on the one hand, "being in control", and promoting staff responsibility, flexibility and enterprise on the other. Managers have a crucial role in this process and their leadership is assumed to have an influence on how New Ways of Working (NWW) are applied by employees. New working patterns could offer space to staff to demonstrate and further develop their competences (organising their own work and goals; showcasing independence, determination, goal-orientation, communication, flexible behaviour and collaboration). NWW is aimed at staff flexibility and the utilisation of new technical developments in order to work independently of time and place, and thereby being of even greater service to the client. The leadership style in the financial service sector is primarily task-oriented, and this is also included in the organisation where this case study was conducted. It is apparent from this study that a task-oriented leadership style does not contribute to NWW, although this is dependent on the nature of the department and the type of roles. The recommendation, based partly on the literature, is to invest in another style of leadership: the person-centred leadership style.
Abstract: In financial service organisations clients are imposing increasingly greater demands on staff. The organisations need to find a balance between, on the one hand, "being in control", and promoting staff responsibility, flexibility and enterprise on the other. Managers have a crucial role in this process and their leadership is assumed to have an inf...
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Stock Market Development of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region
Wan Fauziah Wan Yusoff,
Instisar J. Guima
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
163-171
Received:
24 May 2015
Accepted:
28 May 2015
Published:
9 June 2015
Abstract: Financial markets play important roles for economic growth as they facilitate the flow of resources to the most productive investment opportunities and help in terms of efficient allocation of credit in the economy. Recognizing the important roles of stock market on economic growth, prudential international institutions such as World Bank, IMF and ADB pursued stock market development programs for emerging markets in developing nations. Hence, this study sought to investigate the determinants of development in capital markets in the MENA region from the perspective of three countries Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia. Secondary data for the ten years period of 1992-2012 were used to model the factors influencing the development of their stock markets. Using Correlation analysis it has been revealed that, macro-economic factors such as exchange rate, oil rent, income per capita, inflation, domestic savings and interest rate can be used to study development capital markets. The analysis also reported significant relationship between stock market development and some variables for some countries and irrelevant to others. The variations in results are explained by the economic and legal environment in every country and show some policy options. The findings are interesting in the sense that they provide variations of the determinants of the stock market development in the region. This would open area for research that is concerned with enhancing the collective development of the stock markets in the region through complementary and synergies.
Abstract: Financial markets play important roles for economic growth as they facilitate the flow of resources to the most productive investment opportunities and help in terms of efficient allocation of credit in the economy. Recognizing the important roles of stock market on economic growth, prudential international institutions such as World Bank, IMF and ...
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Income Diversification and Household Well-Being: A Case Study in Rural Areas of Bangladesh
Naznin Sultana,
Md. Elias Hossain,
Md. Khairul Islam
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
172-179
Received:
24 April 2015
Accepted:
25 May 2015
Published:
11 June 2015
Abstract: Diversification of income is considered as an effective way to increase household wellbeing in the developing countries. However, scant attention has been given on this issue in the context of Bangladesh. Thus, the objective of this study is to present an empirical evidence of the state of income diversification and its impact on households’ wellbeing in the rural areas of Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. To this end a multi-stage random sampling technique is used to select 138 households from the study area. In analyzing the collected data, the Simpson Index of Diversity (SID) is calculated to measure the level of income diversification while household consumption expenditure is used for measuring the level of well-being. Finally, a multiple regression model is employed to determine the factors affecting households’ wellbeing. The findings of the study indicate that the extent of income diversification is very low in the study area and it has positive and significant effect on households’ wellbeing. The obtained results have important policy implications which imply that programs targeted to engage people in other income generating activities would augment their income sources. As measures from the part of the government reducing the rate of interest for private enterprising in the rural sector, development of rural infrastructure and improving information facilities at the rural areas are suggested.
Abstract: Diversification of income is considered as an effective way to increase household wellbeing in the developing countries. However, scant attention has been given on this issue in the context of Bangladesh. Thus, the objective of this study is to present an empirical evidence of the state of income diversification and its impact on households’ wellbe...
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