Abstract: Majority of cities in the developing and transitional parts of the world, being a global city has turned into a primary goal. With this trend, managing a brand asset of a city has become an important task for countries, especially China. Therefore, the study explores the causality between the city brand equity factors, and clarifies the correlation between city brand identity and city brand loyalty. Survey with the size of 300 was gathered to be analyzed. Through a rigorous instrument development process, the following five construct were identified: brand awareness, brand image, perceived quality, brand identity, and brand loyalty. The instrument was proven to have a good fit, reliability, and validity. Three factors (brand awareness, brand image, perceived quality) were analyzed on how it affects brand identity and the effect of brand identity on brand loyalty. The purpose of this paper is to provide preliminary strategical data for city development and marketers in China.Abstract: Majority of cities in the developing and transitional parts of the world, being a global city has turned into a primary goal. With this trend, managing a brand asset of a city has become an important task for countries, especially China. Therefore, the study explores the causality between the city brand equity factors, and clarifies the correlation...Show More
Abstract: This paper is the first attempt to study the impact of operating and financial expenses on sales revenue of the Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited in Pakistan and to seek the nature as well as the strength of the relationship between sales and these expenses. The time series data for fourteen years covering 2002-2015 used were analyzed by using the Ordinary Least Square technique and a multiple regression model. These were supplemented with the elasticity and causality tests. The major findings established that there is a substantial relationship between operating expenses and sales revenue of the company, however; the relationship between financial expenses and sales revenue is not so strong comparatively. The results also confirmed that there is a significant increase in the sales revenue of the company caused by a unit change in operating expenses. It was suggested that the company should make aware the customers through advertising and general publicity on the uses and benefits of their multi-products produced. The more increase in expenses on operational aspects over the financial expenses was recommended in the future for the company in this study.Abstract: This paper is the first attempt to study the impact of operating and financial expenses on sales revenue of the Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited in Pakistan and to seek the nature as well as the strength of the relationship between sales and these expenses. The time series data for fourteen years covering 2002-2015 used were analyzed by using the O...Show More