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Comparative Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Cucurbit Fruit Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) on Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) in Sarlahi District, Nepal
Manish Gautam,
Susan Poudel,
Nishchal Dhungana,
Nabin Bhusal
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
27-37
Received:
27 March 2021
Accepted:
14 April 2021
Published:
14 May 2021
Abstract: The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different Insecticides against cucurbit fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae in Bottle Gourd laid out at farmer’s field in Sarlahi district. The research was designed under RCBD with 6 treatments (T1 = Spinosad @ 200ml/ha, T2 = Dichlorovos 76% EC @2ml/litre water, T3 = Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 1-2 ml/litre water, T4 = Jholmal @10ml/ litre water, T5 = Multineem (Azadirachtin 0.03%) @ 10ml/ litre water and T6 = Control (water spray) and 3 replications accommodating 12 plants in each plot. The insecticides were applied as first, second, and third sprays at pre-set, post-set, and harvest stage of Bottle Gourd in 10 days intervals between each spray and data collection being done on 3rd, 7th, and 10th day after each spray. The results showed significant variation for studied traits. The maximum number of fruit fly per plant was 8.40 (10DAS-III) during the experiment. Cucurbit fruit flies preferred young fruits and flowers for oviposition and the results obtained high pre-set damage of 43.85% (10DAS-I) and post-set damage of 68.14% (10DAS-II). The highest fruit infestation was 52.41% & 53.71% based on number and weight respectively under control treatment. Under Spinosad treatment, the lowest insect population (1.33 at 3DAS-III) was obtained with least pre-set damage, post-set damage, and minimum fruit infestation of the insect by number (27.29%) and weight (25.90%) followed by Dichlorovos and Lambda-cyhalothrin for similar traits. While, Jholmal and Azadirachtin were inferior in controlling the fruit fly population and reducing the infestation at pre-set, post-set, and harvest stage. However, Azadirachtin and Lambda-cyhalothrin were on par in terms of post-set damage (46.32% and 47.50%), respectively. The results revealed that Spinosad is the best bio-pesticide against Cucurbit fruit fly in Bottle Gourd with Dichlorovos and Lambda-cyhalothrin next in order while Jholmal and Azadirachtin offered a better quality of fruits and higher yield in Bottle Gourd. While chemical insecticides may seem effective for short term, we must opt to use eco-friendly pesticides/botanicals such as Spinosad, Jholmal and Azadirachtin for pest management and thus further study is required to explore the comparative efficacy of bio-pesticides/botanicals against chemical insecticides for fruit fly management in Bottle Gourd.
Abstract: The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different Insecticides against cucurbit fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae in Bottle Gourd laid out at farmer’s field in Sarlahi district. The research was designed under RCBD with 6 treatments (T1 = Spinosad @ 200ml/ha, T2 = Dichlorovos 76% EC @2ml/litre water, T3 = Lamb...
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Monitoring of CO2 in the Nyiragongo Volcano Cracks on Bugarura and Munigi Sites from January 2019 to January 2020
Faustin Safari Habari,
Marcel Bahati Rusimbuka,
Arsène Tumaini Sadiki,
Mathieu Mapendano Yalire,
Charles Muhigirwa Balagizi
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
38-41
Received:
16 April 2021
Accepted:
5 May 2021
Published:
20 May 2021
Abstract: In the area north of Lake Kivu, in the western part of the African Rift, deep fractures allow the uptake of gas, especially carbon dioxide. The Nyiragongo territory is located in the western part of the African Rift Valley. The deep fractures allow gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), to rise. CO2 is a heavier-than-air gas, asphyxiating, irritating to the eyes, nose and throat, and deadly at concentrations above 15%. The variation of CO2 in the different stations allows us to study the behaviour of the Nyiragongo volcano although in our stations we have not reached the lethal concentration of CO2. The volcanic activity of Nyiragongo is therefore closely monitored by the inhabitants, and any news of increased activity agitates the inhabitants of the region, especially those living in the Nyiragongo territory. Here we report a short carbon dioxide monitoring time series for five stations (BUGARURA I, II, III, IV and MUNIGI stations). The various variations in CO2 give us information about the activity of the Nyiragongo Volcano in the crater. The active volcanoes of the Virunga chain expose the Nyiragongo region to numerous natural hazards such as lava flows, gas plumes, dissolved gases in Lake Kivu and risks related to epidemiological diseases and armed conflicts.
Abstract: In the area north of Lake Kivu, in the western part of the African Rift, deep fractures allow the uptake of gas, especially carbon dioxide. The Nyiragongo territory is located in the western part of the African Rift Valley. The deep fractures allow gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), to rise. CO2 is a heavier-than-air gas, asphyxiating, irritat...
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Forest Management Plan for Implementation of a Pilot REDD+ Project for Masito Community Forest Reserve, Kigoma, Tanzania for 2012-2017: Management Prescriptions
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
42-48
Received:
27 April 2021
Accepted:
14 May 2021
Published:
20 May 2021
Abstract: A forest management plan and particularly the management prescriptions within the plan form the basis for implementation of a forest management project and thereafter the basis for evaluation of performance of the project. The current paper presents management prescriptions for implementation of a pilot REDD+ project for Masito Community Forest Reserve, Kigoma, Tanzania for the period 2012-2017. The description of the management prescriptions is presented under 9 major sections, namely: (1) prescriptions on forest resources; (2) physical resources; (3) human resources; (4) enhancement of community participation; (5) initiatives for revenue generation and sharing; (6) inter-sectoral linkages and co-operation; (7) financial implications; (8) annual plan of operations, and; (9) plan endorsement, monitoring, evaluation and revision. The main prescriptions are that no wood would be harvested from the forest, the forest would be allowed to regenerate only naturally without tree planting, the forest would be managed by the previous REDD+ project arrangements depending on availability of funds. The plan would be approved by the Director, Forestry and Beekeeping Division. The revision of the plan would be done in 2016/17 and would be initiated by the Director of the Jane Goodall Institute REDD+ project.
Abstract: A forest management plan and particularly the management prescriptions within the plan form the basis for implementation of a forest management project and thereafter the basis for evaluation of performance of the project. The current paper presents management prescriptions for implementation of a pilot REDD+ project for Masito Community Forest Res...
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Conservation Policy, Type of Protected Area and Deforestation in Mainland Tanzania
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
49-55
Received:
29 April 2021
Accepted:
17 May 2021
Published:
26 May 2021
Abstract: Protected areas are an important means of controlling deforestation. However, the effectiveness of protected areas in controlling deforestation depends on type of protected area which determines conservation policy pursued and thus how the protected area is managed. This paper reports on analysis of the relationship between deforestation and type of protected area, namely forest reserve, game reserve and national park in mainland Tanzania. The analysis used maps covering the whole of mainland Tanzania for 1995 and 2010 and applied GIS analytical techniques. Both forest reserves and game reserves had lower deforestation than areas that were not protected whereas national parks had higher deforestation than areas that were not protected. However, forest reserves had higher rate of deforestation than game reserves. These results raise questions with regards to ecological processes and policy options relevant for the three types of protected areas and their effects on deforestation. First, are the differences in deforestation due to varying levels of effectiveness of measures used to control deforestation among the three types of protected areas? Second, what is the role of natural processes such as elephants that kill trees? Third, why should national parks be associated with the highest rate of deforestation? Are forests so bad for wild animals in national parks? These questions form the basis of the discussion of the results.
Abstract: Protected areas are an important means of controlling deforestation. However, the effectiveness of protected areas in controlling deforestation depends on type of protected area which determines conservation policy pursued and thus how the protected area is managed. This paper reports on analysis of the relationship between deforestation and type o...
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Urban Households’ Resilience to Climate Change in Nigeria: Evidence from Yenagoa Metropolis
Odafivwotu Ohwo,
Eseoghene Frank Evwienure
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
56-64
Received:
21 April 2021
Accepted:
18 May 2021
Published:
27 May 2021
Abstract: Increasing urban households’ capacities to withstand climate change will in many ways reduce the shocks connected with it. This study focused on urban households’ capabilities to withstand climate change in Nigeria, based on evidence from Yenagoa metropolis. The study adopted survey design, which involved direct physical observation of households’ environment and the distribution of a set of 400 structured questionnaires to systematically sampled households. Responses to the administered questionnaire constituted the data, which contains 19 households’ resilience indicators. The data was analyzed with a household climate resilience index (HCRI) and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that households’ in Yenagoa have low coping abilities to change in climate, since HCRI value was 2.35 points on a 5 point scale. The twelfth resilience indicator, impact of government in the neighbourhood had the least rating, with a calculated resilience weight index of 1.47 points; while the nineteenth indicator, access to good communication facilities had the highest rating of 3.25 points on a 5 point scale. It was therefore recommended that government should provide more infrastructural amenities and design livelihood improvement programmes for urban households, to boost their capabilities to withstand change in climate.
Abstract: Increasing urban households’ capacities to withstand climate change will in many ways reduce the shocks connected with it. This study focused on urban households’ capabilities to withstand climate change in Nigeria, based on evidence from Yenagoa metropolis. The study adopted survey design, which involved direct physical observation of households’ ...
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Evolution and Traditional Importance of Manda National Park (MNP) in the Moyen-Chari Province of CHAD
Esaie Waya,
Ibrahima Adamou,
Tchoua Paul
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
65-78
Received:
23 April 2021
Accepted:
13 May 2021
Published:
31 May 2021
Abstract: The study aims to analyze the traditional perception of riparian populations on the spatial-temporal evolution and importance of the Manda National Park (MNP) in the Moyen-Chari Province, in order to contribute to the implementation of a participatory and efficient strategy for its sustainable management. To do this, a survey was conducted using a questionnaire with 211 people composed of forestry officials and non-officials from the four (04) townships bordering the park. The data collected concerned the evolution of the vegetation cover, uses, degradation of plant resources and their causes. The results show that the MNP has suffered from anthropic pressure, resulting in a regression of the vegetation cover in a global way from 2009 to 2019. The main causes of the decrease in vegetation cover are overgrazing, poaching, bush fires, logging and hunting. The main uses of MNP's forest resources are for food, fodder, energy fuel, and traditional medicine. The plant species most used for various purposes are Anogeissus leiocarpus (42.36%), Terminalia laxiflora (26.97%), Flueggea virosa (21.3%), Detarium microcarpum (20.11%) and Vitellaria paradoxa (19.70%). The four townships do not differ significantly from each other in the types of uses of forest resources and the causes of their degradation. The results of scientific studies obtained on the dynamics of the park's vegetation cover confirm traditional perceptions. Hence the importance of involving local populations in studies on the sustainable management of the park.
Abstract: The study aims to analyze the traditional perception of riparian populations on the spatial-temporal evolution and importance of the Manda National Park (MNP) in the Moyen-Chari Province, in order to contribute to the implementation of a participatory and efficient strategy for its sustainable management. To do this, a survey was conducted using a ...
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Pedological Characterization and Classification of Selected Soils of Morogoro and Mbeya Regions of Tanzania
Said Hamadi Mohamed,
Balthazar Michael Msanya,
Hamisi Juma Tindwa,
Ernest Semu
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
79-92
Received:
30 May 2021
Accepted:
10 June 2021
Published:
16 June 2021
Abstract: This study was done in Morogoro and Mbeya regions of Tanzania to classify and characterize their respective soils. Representative pedons (SUARAT-P1 and UYOLE-P1) were dug and described using FAO guidelines clarifying morphological features, physico-chemical properties and genesis. The representative pedons were geo-referenced using Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. A total of nine (9) genetic soil horizons were identified from both sites and samples from each horizon collected for physical and chemical analyses. Soils from both sites were very deep and topsoil moist colors ranged from hue of 7.5YR to 10YR with chroma of less than 3 in SUARAT-P1 and UYOLE-P1 pedons. Soil structure ranged from strong fine crumbs in topsoils to medium coarse sub-angular blocks in subsoils of SUARAT-P1 while UYOLE-P1 had weak fine sub-angular blocks in topsoils and subsoils. The SUARAT-P1 had sandy clay (SC) texture in topsoil and clay texture in subsoil while UYOLE-P1 had sandy loam (SL) in topsoil and sand clay loam (SCL) in subsoil. Soil reaction were slightly acid to very strongly acid in SUARAT-P1 (pH 6.54 - 4.46) whereas UYOLE-P1 were slightly acid to neutral in subsoil horizons (pH 6.35 – 7.32). Organic carbon ranged from very low to low (0.12- 0.95%) in SUARAT-P1 and from very low to medium (0.47 – 1.5%) in UYOLE-P1. Nitrogen levels were very low to low (0.05 - 0.12%) in both sites whereas available P ranged from low (0.30 mg kg-1) to medium (8.55 mg kg-1) in both pedons. CEC of SUARAT-P1 was medium ranging from 12.4 to 23.2 cmol(c) kg-1, whereas UYOLE-P1 was medium to high (15 – 34 cmol(c) kg-1). In SUARAT-P1, topsoil BS was high (> 50%) and low (< 50%) in the subsoil while UYOLE-P1 registered high BS throughout its profile depth. As diagnostic horizons for soil classification, the SUARAT-P1 had an ochric epipedon overlying a kandic horizon and classified according to USDA Soil Taxonomy as Typic Kandiustults, while UYOLE-P1 had an ochric epipedon over a cambic horizon and was named as Andic Dystrudepts corresponding respectively to Haplic Lixisols and Eutric Andic Cambisols in the WRB for Soil Resources. The results have indicated that, studied soils are less fertile with possible reconstitution through land and crop managements which include but not limited to no-tilling or conservation tillage, manuring and proper fertilizer application; residue retention, possible fallowing, liming for potential buffering of soil pH especially at SUARAT-P1 and crop rotation and intercropping with leguminous crops.
Abstract: This study was done in Morogoro and Mbeya regions of Tanzania to classify and characterize their respective soils. Representative pedons (SUARAT-P1 and UYOLE-P1) were dug and described using FAO guidelines clarifying morphological features, physico-chemical properties and genesis. The representative pedons were geo-referenced using Global Positioni...
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