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Research Article
Socio-Economic Characterization, Identification and Prioritization of Major Constraints and Potentials in Gara Ebanu Community Watershed in Sululta District, Ethiopia
Endale Bedada*
,
Mengistu Jifara,
Bikila Mengistu,
Meseret Muluna,
Meron Tolosa,
Alemayehu Biri,
Firaol Legesse,
Ajema Lemma,
Bedo Hora,
Lemma Teklu
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
65-81
Received:
18 March 2024
Accepted:
18 April 2024
Published:
15 July 2024
Abstract: Baseline characterization builds necessary foundation for the plan and obtains proper information for elective planning, implementation and monitoring of the research and development endeavors. The objective of the study was to document baseline information on socio-economic for planning and impact monitoring and to identify and document major socio-economic constraints and potential in the watershed. A total of 62 sample households were selected randomly from all farmers engaged in farming activities in the watershed. The average inorganic fertilizer (NPS and Urea) used in the watershed were 75 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha respectively. The response of the respondents showed that the average yield obtained in the watershed was about 10 qt/ha for barley, 12 qt/ha for wheat, 5 qt/ha for faba bean and field pea 6 qt/ha. The major livestock feed type in the watershed were crop residue (93.5%) followed by hay making (91.9%), grazing in the field (80.6%), local beverage by-products (72.6%), concentrates of different type (67.7%), green feed (50%), stubble grazing (41.9%) and improved forage (14.5%). The result of survey shows that the major income sources of the farmers living in the watershed were livestock production (77.4%) followed by crop production (45.2%) and off-farm activities (25.8%). About 71% of the households have encountered high cost and shortage of agricultural inputs followed by low crop productivity (19.4%), crop disease (8.1%) and existence storage pests (1.6%) were the common in the watershed. In the watershed, high cost of agricultural inputs, low crop productivity, crop disease, shortage of animal feed and fodder, inflation, lack of employment opportunity and other income source were addressed as the highest priority issues by the community that are contributing to the crop productivity reductions and low level of their livelihood in the watershed. By considering the addressed problem related to crop production, livestock production and socio-economic, the interventions on introduction and demonstration of improved and high yielding crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the already existing and emerging pests to increase production and productivity of crops should be done. In general, immediate short-term actions should be taken particularly participatory integrated watershed management were recommended.
Abstract: Baseline characterization builds necessary foundation for the plan and obtains proper information for elective planning, implementation and monitoring of the research and development endeavors. The objective of the study was to document baseline information on socio-economic for planning and impact monitoring and to identify and document major soci...
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Review Article
The Effect of Land Cover Change on Soil Erosion in Awach Kibuon Sub-basin, Kenya
Olgah Hellens*,
Dennis Masika,
Albert Long’ora
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
82-96
Received:
3 July 2024
Accepted:
30 July 2024
Published:
15 August 2024
Abstract: Land cover change is a significant driver of soil erosion. While soil erosion is a natural process, human activities can significantly alter the landscape, making soil more vulnerable to erosion. This erosion reduces a watershed's capacity to sustain vital natural resources and ecosystem services. This study investigated the impact of these changes on soil erosion within four hydrological units (Awach Kibuon, Awach Owade, Awach Kasipul, and Awach Kabondo) of the Awach Kibuon sub-basin between 2018 and 2023. The specific objective of the study was to quantify the effect of land cover change on soil erosion rate and determine how specific land cover types affect soil erosion in the study area. This study employed a quasi-longitudinal design to assess the influence of land cover changes on soil erosion. Sentinel-2 NDVI satellite imagery provided land cover data. The land cover maps, soil data, rainfall data and the Digital Elevation Model were used in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Model within a GIS environment to estimate soil erosion rates. The study revealed a consistent decline in vegetation cover across all hydrological units, as indicated by a decrease in NDVI. The mean NDVI decreased by 12.88%, 10.92%, 4.78%, and 11.92% in Awach Kibuon, Awach Owade, Awach Kasipul and Awach Kabondo respectively. Conversely, the mean soil erosion rate increased by 23.9% in Awach Kibuon, 17.85% in Awach Owade, 24.43% in Awach Kasipul, and 20.54% in Awach Kabondo. Sediment yield increased by 33% in Awach Kibuon, 18% in Awach Owade, 17% in Awach Kasipul, and 23% in Awach Kabondo. These findings suggest a direct relationship between reduced vegetation and elevated soil erosion. The relationship between land cover and erosion varies depending on the density of vegetation. Areas with dense vegetation cover have an inverse relationship, highlighting the protective role of vegetation cover. However, the study also observed that very dense vegetation areas which were also found in high-sloped areas experienced high soil erosion rates. The erosion rate increases even in areas that have experienced an increase in vegetation cover. This is because these areas are also found in high-sloped areas. The slope factor superseded the ability of vegetation cover to protect against soil loss. In conclusion, the change in land cover has significantly increased soil erosion in the Awach Kibuon Sub-basin, however, the slope factor also accelerated soil loss in the basin. Therefore, a holistic approach that combines promoting vegetation cover with land management techniques like terracing and drainage channels is crucial for mitigating soil degradation and water sedimentation in sub-basin.
Abstract: Land cover change is a significant driver of soil erosion. While soil erosion is a natural process, human activities can significantly alter the landscape, making soil more vulnerable to erosion. This erosion reduces a watershed's capacity to sustain vital natural resources and ecosystem services. This study investigated the impact of these changes...
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Research Article
Comparison of Activity Pattern of Zebra (Equus quagga) in Natural and Man-Made Glades in Arusha National Park, Tanzania
January Sulle,
Ladislaus Kahana,
Rudolf Mremi,
Khalfan Kiondo*,
Vicent Nyakyi
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
97-105
Received:
3 April 2024
Accepted:
17 May 2024
Published:
20 September 2024
Abstract: The study on the comparison of activity pattern of zebra in natural and man-made glades was conducted in Arusha National Park to assess group size composition, activity pattern between sexes and age groups. Scan and focal sampling methods were used for data collection. A total of 457 individuals across age and sex groups were observed and recorded. Out of this, 138 individuals were recorded in man-made and 319 individuals in natural glades. The result showed that movement between sex classes in natural glades differed significantly (T=1.85, df=8, P<0.03), and time spent grooming between males and females differed significantly (T=1.85, df=8, P<0.01). Time spent for feeding, resting and other activities such as defecating, urinating and irritating could not differ significantly and as well as formed-made glades. In natural glades, time spent for grooming across age classes differed significantly (F=13.2, df=17, P<0.000), as well for others activities such as (defecating, urinating and irritating) (F=14.0254, df=17, P <0.0003). In man-made glade, time spent for moving across age classes differed significantly (F=8.3945, df=17, P < 0.004), feeding (F=6.0863, df=17, P<0.01), grooming (F=22.02, df=17, P<0.000) and other activities (defecating, urinating and irritating) (F=11.25, df=17, P<0.0011). Generally, much time was spent by zebra feeding between sex classes and across age classes compared to other activities. This implies that feeding is most important for energy requirement, as food resources provide energy to animals.
Abstract: The study on the comparison of activity pattern of zebra in natural and man-made glades was conducted in Arusha National Park to assess group size composition, activity pattern between sexes and age groups. Scan and focal sampling methods were used for data collection. A total of 457 individuals across age and sex groups were observed and recorded....
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