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The Cognitive of Collective Action in Campaign-Based Watershed Management: The Case of Farmers in Ethiopian Highlands
Alemayehu Temesgen Gebremikael
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
93-107
Received:
31 May 2021
Accepted:
12 July 2021
Published:
21 July 2021
Abstract: With the increased importance of collective action in many phases of natural resource management, it is necessary to focus on farmers' cognitive abilities, such as intellect, social capital (social relationships), and orientation (symmetric information), which enhance group or team ability to solve problems through collective action, not missing physical abilities. Due to low land efficiency as a result of land degradation, the regime is reliant on continuing watershed management collective activity. Participating in a large-scale collective activity could be facilitated by different populations' cognitive abilities. As a result, this review article examined cognitive collective action in campaign-based watershed management in Ethiopia's highlands, as well as how cognition is linked to physical practices and what factors influence farmers' decisions to participate in collective action. Then, through strategic and expanded kinds of cooperative games, experimental games were taken. This has been done using both conceptual and analytical frameworks. Web Science Page Googled and reviewed a total of eighty-one articles and published books. Then, at the end, their connections and gaps in the literature were highlighted. As a result, it is plausible to conclude that investing in farmers' collective action cognition can result in beneficial changes in land degradation. As a result, future academics and policymakers should concentrate on: 1) integrating social capital and collective orientation with watershed management to support collective action. 2) The interplay between cognitive (mental) and physical abilities. 3) Amending property rights and strengthening institutions. As a result, researchers can use the findings to develop policy and extension efforts that prioritize future farmer cognition.
Abstract: With the increased importance of collective action in many phases of natural resource management, it is necessary to focus on farmers' cognitive abilities, such as intellect, social capital (social relationships), and orientation (symmetric information), which enhance group or team ability to solve problems through collective action, not missing ph...
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Spatial and Temporal Variability Analysis and Mapping of Reference Evapotranspiration for Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
108-115
Received:
15 May 2021
Accepted:
13 July 2021
Published:
22 July 2021
Abstract: ETo is important parameter in determination of crop water requirement and in irrigation scheduling. The absence of rainfall during four to six months of the year affects crop production. Study was undertaken in Jimma zone, Southwestern Ethiopia, with the objective of evaluating and characterizing the reference evapotranspiration and mapping for planning and management options for Jimma Zone. The study was undertaken at 22 sites of which 14 being from Jimma zone and the remaining eight sites were from around the vicinity of study area. The ETo was estimated using Penman–Monteith method in CROPWAT 8.0 software with monthly datasets of 22 stations for the period of 31 years. The results of ETo were further analyzed by means of geo-statistical tools in R software using gstat package. Maps were created using ordinary kriging combined with regression method. The results have shown that the ETo, have shown moderate to greater variability. The high annual and monthly ETo values were observed around the extreme eastern tip, extreme southern tip and north western tip. In contrary low ETo values were observed in southeastern and western regions. March (4.61 mm/day) and July (2.97mm/day), respectively, presented the highest and the smallest ETo. The ETo for Jimma zone is a good indicator and benefits to farmers to help in planning the water resources of the area for best irrigation water management practices.
Abstract: ETo is important parameter in determination of crop water requirement and in irrigation scheduling. The absence of rainfall during four to six months of the year affects crop production. Study was undertaken in Jimma zone, Southwestern Ethiopia, with the objective of evaluating and characterizing the reference evapotranspiration and mapping for pla...
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Allometric Equations for Aboveground Biomass Estimation of Osyris quadripartita (African Sandalwood) in Semi-arid Woodlands, Southern Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
116-125
Received:
4 June 2021
Accepted:
15 July 2021
Published:
23 July 2021
Abstract: African sandalwood, Osyris quadripartita Salzm. ex Decne is cosmopolitan in dry evergreen forest, rocky ridges, and forest edges, habitually with Olea europaea as well as Dodonaea angustifolia woodland in East Africa and Ethiopia. It reaches in Africa from Ethiopia to Algeria and Kenya to South Africa, starting from stunted shrubs to tall trees. Osyris quadripartita is culturally important for herbal medicine and religious activities, and also, commercially for the perfumery oil industry. Recently, the population of the species is endangered in some places, because of overexploitation for commercial values. Even though the species has many economic and ecological functions, its environmental uses like carbon storage and global climate change mitigation are less assessed. Therefore, the study aimed to develop species-specific allometric equations for Osyris quadripartita using a destructive method and to evaluate allometric models for estimating the aboveground biomass (AGB) within the semi-arid woodlands forest of Southern Ethiopia. Subsequently, all the needed biomass calculations were done, eight AGB equations were developed. Based on regression equations AGB is related with a diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), and density (ρ) both individually and in combination. Out of eight, four allometric equations were chosen based on goodness-of-fit statistics, and the others four are rejected. The chosen models were tested for accuracy supported on observed data. The selected models have best fitted with higher R2-adj and lower residual standard error and Akaike information criterion than rejected equations. The relations for four selected models are significant (p < 0.001), which showed a strong correlation of AGB with selected dendrometric variables. Accordingly, the AGB was strongly correlated with three variables combination DBH, Height & Wood density. Individually, AGB was strongly interrelated with DBH, but not significantly interrelated with height and wood density. A specific species equations are better for determining biomass and carbon evaluation than general equations.
Abstract: African sandalwood, Osyris quadripartita Salzm. ex Decne is cosmopolitan in dry evergreen forest, rocky ridges, and forest edges, habitually with Olea europaea as well as Dodonaea angustifolia woodland in East Africa and Ethiopia. It reaches in Africa from Ethiopia to Algeria and Kenya to South Africa, starting from stunted shrubs to tall trees. Os...
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Pre-COVID 19 Pandemic Era Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Via Collective Action: Meta-Analysis on the Case of the Ethiopian Highlands
Alemayehu Temesgen Gebremikael
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
126-142
Received:
31 May 2021
Accepted:
21 July 2021
Published:
28 July 2021
Abstract: In Ethiopia's highlands, land degradation is one of the most significant obstacles to agricultural productivity and environmental quality. Adoption of physical soil and water conservation measures has been recognized as a requirement for sustaining the dynamism of ecosystems, agricultural productivity, biodiversity, and human security for more than five decades. Despite increased attempts by the government and then non-state actors to introduce these technologies and support farmers, adoption rates remained low due to a greater emphasis on individual adoption over collective adoption. The objective of this review study was to evaluate the role of collective action in the adoption of such measures in the Ethiopian highlands prior to COVID-19, in which the factors and challenges of such adoption were highlighted. Following that, the public materials and their arguments were thoroughly scrutinized, and a conceptual framework was contextually changed and implemented. The conclusions of the binary logit model were based on the empirical results of other studies where the dependent variable was dichotomous, and they were employed with pre-arranged and pre-interpreted qualitative and quantitative data. The results of the investigation revealed that as the number of days spent in touch with an extension grows, so does the likelihood of adopting such activities. Participation in non-farm activities, on the other hand, lowers the likelihood of such practices being adopted. Finally, collective action could help to speed up the acceptance of such practices. Extrinsic as well as intrinsic variables, however, may make such behaviors difficult to implement. As a result, policymakers, extension workers, and future researchers should think about the important factors that may influence the adoption of such better techniques. As a result, the regime and non-state actors in Ethiopia's highlands should forfeit attention to adult education and training opportunities focused on the acceptance phase of adoption, as well as the role of collective action focusing on the adoption of such conservation practices.
Abstract: In Ethiopia's highlands, land degradation is one of the most significant obstacles to agricultural productivity and environmental quality. Adoption of physical soil and water conservation measures has been recognized as a requirement for sustaining the dynamism of ecosystems, agricultural productivity, biodiversity, and human security for more than...
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California Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus) Response to Marsh Enhancement at Point Pinole Regional Shoreline, California
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
143-146
Received:
1 July 2021
Accepted:
15 July 2021
Published:
5 August 2021
Abstract: California Back Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus) is the smallest rail in North America and is largely a resident of fresh, brackish and saltwater wetlands. Due to habitat degradation and destruction, this species is listed as a threatened species in California. Protecting and managing its breeding habitat and restoring adjacent suitable marsh sites are strategies to help its population recover. Habitat enhancement efforts by staff and volunteers of the East Bay Regional Park District at Giant Marsh in Richmond, California have been improving conditions for this native species since 2004. Analysis of systematically obtained call count data, collected there during the breeding seasons of 2013 through 2021 is showing a positive trend of increasing California Black Rails, as compared to the first baseline information collected in 1977 at this location. Field research also is showing that the rail population is now four times higher at this site and that they are typically confined to high marsh habitat, at the upper limits of tidal flooding. Analyzing these trends occurring within Giant Marsh at Point Pinole Regional Shoreline is providing important information that will aid recovery efforts designed to preserve and manage breeding habitat for this threatened species.
Abstract: California Back Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus) is the smallest rail in North America and is largely a resident of fresh, brackish and saltwater wetlands. Due to habitat degradation and destruction, this species is listed as a threatened species in California. Protecting and managing its breeding habitat and restoring adjacent suitable m...
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Comparative Analysis of WASH Services between the Rich and Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa
Odafivwotu Ohwo,
Tonye Vivian Odubo
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
147-155
Received:
2 July 2021
Accepted:
29 July 2021
Published:
9 August 2021
Abstract: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 would mean that all people the world over would have access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. This study analyzed WASH services between the poorest and richest quintile in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The descriptive cross sectional design was adopted. Data for the study were extracted from the 2019 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report, which contained disaggregated data on wealth quintiles. The data obtained were analyzed with tables, percentages and t-test. The findings revealed that WASH amenities in SSA were generally poor, especially with the poorest quintile, which was disproportionately disadvantaged. The t-test indicated a significant difference in the provision of WASH services between both quintiles in SSA, as the calculated t-test values for water and sanitation services of 18.772 and 15.317, respectively were higher than the table value of 2.021 at an alpha level of 0.05; while the calculated t-test value (10) for hygiene services was higher than the table value of 2.042 at 0.05 alpha level. Considering the state of WASH facilities, SSA would miss the SDG 6, unless concerted efforts are made to address the myriad of challenges confronting the provisions of WASH services in SSA. The study therefore made recommendations to address the challenges.
Abstract: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 would mean that all people the world over would have access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. This study analyzed WASH services between the poorest and richest quintile in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The descriptive cross sectional design was adopted. Data for the study...
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Evaluation Growth of Tea Seedling and Population of Azotobacter sp. from Application Compost of Green Tea Factory Waste (Tea Fluff) and Azotobacter sp. on Andisols
Restu Wulansari,
Anni Yuniarti,
Mieke Rochimi Setiawati
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
156-162
Received:
7 August 2021
Accepted:
18 August 2021
Published:
26 August 2021
Abstract: Tea plants are generally propagated through vegetative propagation leaf cutting and planting on mixed of topsoil and subsoil. To obtain the soil media from top soil began to feel difficult. In order to overcome these problems and preserve the environment, it is necessary to find alternative planting medium of tea seedling has to be explored to reduce the use of soil, one of which is the use of green tea factory waste compost Tea Fluff (TF). In addition, the fulfillment of nitrogen with use Azotobacter sp. This study aims to determine the effect of giving Tea Fluff compost and Azotobacter sp. on the growth of tea seedling and soil nutrients. This research was conducted from April 2020 to January 2021. The experiment will be carried out at Nursery in Research Institute for Tea and Chincona (RITC) Gambung, West Java. The planting material used was superior GMB 7 clones. The study used a factorial randomized block design (6 x 2) with 3 replications. Factor I is the combination of subsoil, (F1) 100% Topsoil + 0% TF; (70% Topsoil + 30% TF; 60% Topsoil + 40% TF; 50% Topsoil + 50% TF; 40% Topsoil + 60% TF; and 30% Topsoil + 70% TF, as a factor II is the Azotobcater sp dose, consisting of without Azotobacter sp. and 3 mL Azotobacter sp. The variables observed included the growth of tea seeds (18 WAP), analysis of soil chemistry and the microbial population of Azotobactersp. The results showed that the combination of Tea Fluff compost with soil media had an effect on increasing the number of leaves, stem diameter, root length, root volume, percentage of live seedling, C-organic, N total, dan P avalaible. Azotobacter sp. affect the number of microbial populations. There is an interaction between the combination of Tea Fluff compost with Azotobacter sp. on population of Azotobacter sp. The highest percentage of live seeds in control treatment was 14.83% followed by treatment 70% Topsoil + 30%TF is 14.17%. The composition of the planting medium with Tea Fluff compost planting media affects microbial populations differently and the growth of clones GMB 7 on Andisols.
Abstract: Tea plants are generally propagated through vegetative propagation leaf cutting and planting on mixed of topsoil and subsoil. To obtain the soil media from top soil began to feel difficult. In order to overcome these problems and preserve the environment, it is necessary to find alternative planting medium of tea seedling has to be explored to redu...
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