Marek’s Disease in Broiler Farms, Iran, 2021: The Phylogenetic Study
Rima Morshed,
Hossein Hosseini,
Naser Sadri,
Zahra Ziafati Kafi,
Soroush Sarmadi,
Nazanin Sarvian,
Seyed Hesamodin Emadi Chashmi,
Farhad Arab Baghi,
Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2023
Pages:
48-53
Received:
24 June 2023
Accepted:
19 July 2023
Published:
31 July 2023
Abstract: Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly cell-associated oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes chicken T-cell lymphoma. MD is currently controlled by vaccination; however, MDV strains tend to develop increased virulence. Distinct diversity and point mutations are present in the Meq proteins, the major oncoproteins of MDV, suggesting that changes in protein function induced by amino acid substitutions might affect MDV virulence. This study sampled 30 commercial broiler flocks from different Provinces (10 spleens from each flock) at slaughter. Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 was identified in PCR (using gb primer) of spleen samples of 11 flocks (36.67%). Two provinces, Azerbaijan Gharbi (44%) and Golestan (25%), recorded the highest and lowest infection rates. The oncogene Meq of some positive samples was amplified by PCR and sequenced. MDV strains detected in this study could be put in three branches, with molecular features consistent with virulent and very virulent previously identified MDV. UT-PCR9303 was located with an Iraqi isolate. UT-PCR-9231 had high homology with an Iranian MDV sequence detected from a layer farm with MD. UT-PCR-9380 was located with vv MDV from Japan and Colombia. Therefore, the relatively high rate of Meq in the unvaccinated broiler farms constitutes support for vaccination. These findings provide the basis for molecular surveillance and further study of MDV mutants and strategies for managing MD in Iran.
Abstract: Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly cell-associated oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes chicken T-cell lymphoma. MD is currently controlled by vaccination; however, MDV strains tend to develop increased virulence. Distinct diversity and point mutations are present in the Meq proteins, the major oncoproteins of MDV, suggesting that changes in...
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Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Producing Fungi from Soil in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
Adomi Patience Ogheneochuko,
Anozie Anthony Jude
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2023
Pages:
54-61
Received:
1 March 2023
Accepted:
24 March 2023
Published:
31 August 2023
Abstract: Cellulase is an important enzyme which is essential for industrial production of paper, animal feeds and other products useful for humans. Previous study showed that bacteria and fungi from different sources produce cellulase. Few reports exist on the production of cellulase from soil fungi. The purpose of the study was to isolate fungi from soil and screen fungi for cellulase production. Soil samples collected from different sites were serially diluted and plated out into standard mycologic media. Pure isolates were screened for cellulase production using carboxylmethyl cellulase agar. Effects of temperature, incubation time, carbon source, nitrogen source, agricultural wastes and other factors were determined for cellulase production. Eighteen fungal isolates were isolated. Fourteen hydrolysed the medium for cellulase production however isolates 1FG and 8FG that produced higher zones of inhibition were selected for further study. Morphology, lactophenol staining and molecular characterization indicated these isolates as Aspergillus sp and Fusarium sp. Arabinose and yam peels showed better results among the other carbon sources. Peptone and temperatures at 45°C and 55°C respectively were best nitrogen source and conditions for enzyme production. This investigation showed that fungi isolated from soil have potential for cellulase production, which could be used for large scale production of the enzyme.
Abstract: Cellulase is an important enzyme which is essential for industrial production of paper, animal feeds and other products useful for humans. Previous study showed that bacteria and fungi from different sources produce cellulase. Few reports exist on the production of cellulase from soil fungi. The purpose of the study was to isolate fungi from soil a...
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Comparative Genomic and Molecular Characteristics of Bacteria in Frostburg, Maryland Soil
Kumudini Apsara Munasinghe,
Caley Donaldson,
Bisrat Demissie,
Andry Cantarero,
Phillip Paul Allen
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2023
Pages:
62-68
Received:
7 September 2023
Accepted:
26 September 2023
Published:
14 October 2023
Abstract: The microorganisms within the soil hold an essential role in the global cycling of elements and nutrient content available to support ecosystems. The biological fertility of soil is a highly complex and dynamic component of soil productivity and is the least well-understood component of soil functions. The main objective of this research was to identify bacterial communities in Frostburg soil and conduct further studies to understand their benefits for the ecosystems they live in. Twenty soil samples were collected from mature forests, grass lawns, forest swamps, meadows, and shrub swamps. The soil samples were homogenized, and two replicates were transported to the microbiology laboratory at Frostburg State University, Maryland for identification. The element composition of soil samples was detected by using the XRF and nitrate levels were measured with a nitrate ion selective electrode. DNA extraction from bacteria was performed using earth microbiome 16S Illumina sequencing protocol. The purity of the DNA was measured using nanodrop and gel electrophoresis. The average percentage of Fe in all the samples is over 57%, and Cr, K, S, and Ca are the other elements most abundant in the soil samples. Whereas nitrate levels in mature forest, grass lawn, forest swamp, meadow, and shrub swamp were 87, 121, 48, 127, and 88ppm, respectively. Nanodrop reading of A260/A280 were in the range of 1.85-1.87, and gel electrophoresis results had only one band per sample around 350bp. Bacteria were identified using the NCBI-BLAST tool and Metagenomics. The alpha and beta diversities were conducted using Qiime 2 with p<0.05. According to the BLAST analysis, many more uncultured bacteria were detected in the soil samples collected from the forest and grass lawn than in wetlands. The most common bacterial genera found in all samples were Shingomonas, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bradyrhizobium, which are benefited in many ways including bioremediation, biodegradation, and nitrogen fixation. The Shannon-Wiener Index curve plot indicated sufficient sequencing depth to characterize microbial diversity. The comparison of genomics and molecule characteristics of bacteria in Frostburg, Maryland soil provided baseline data for further studies in relation to understanding the benefits of microbial growth, including the growth of plants.
Abstract: The microorganisms within the soil hold an essential role in the global cycling of elements and nutrient content available to support ecosystems. The biological fertility of soil is a highly complex and dynamic component of soil productivity and is the least well-understood component of soil functions. The main objective of this research was to ide...
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