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The Potential for Solid Waste Recycling in Urban Area of Tanzania: The Case of Dar Es Salaam
Jonas Petro Senzige,
Yaw Nkansah-Gyeke,
Daniel O. Makinde,
Karoli N. Njau
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
147-152
Received:
1 August 2014
Accepted:
25 August 2014
Published:
10 September 2014
Abstract: Recycling and reuse of solid waste has a number of benefits in the overall process of solid waste management. First, it reduces the amount of waste that has to be disposed off; be it in landfills or otherwise. In this way, it reduces constraints on other resources needed in the management of solid waste. Secondly, it is an economic activity through which new enterprises can be created and thus creating employment through collection and reselling recyclable materials, or working directly in the enterprises. In a solid waste characterisation study carried out in Dar es Salaam, it was found that despite the fact that 98% of solid waste generated per day can be recycled or composted, only 10% is recycled leaving 90% to be disposed in dumpsites. This paper we present the results and recommend formalisation of recycling activities in order to reduce solid waste management load to the authorities.
Abstract: Recycling and reuse of solid waste has a number of benefits in the overall process of solid waste management. First, it reduces the amount of waste that has to be disposed off; be it in landfills or otherwise. In this way, it reduces constraints on other resources needed in the management of solid waste. Secondly, it is an economic activity through...
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Evaluation about Drinking Bottle’s Reduce and Reuse Effectiveness: Super Light Returnable Glass Bottles and Life Cycle Assessment
Shuichi Tamura,
Robert William Marek
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
153-160
Received:
24 August 2014
Accepted:
30 August 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle are terms which are familiar to us as the "3Rs. " The 3Rs enable us to decrease pollution in the environment. The "Super Light Returnable Glass Bottle " is a light and reusable glass bottle generated by advancements in the technology of glass engineering. By manufacturing and using "Super Light Returnable Glass Bottles " as opposed to other container types, potentially we can reduce up to 80% of CO2 emissions. This article introduces what "Super Light Returnable Glass Bottles " are, shows how glass bottles are manufactured, and then proposes an approach to promote its use. We show the potential environmental benefits of Super Light Returnable Glass Bottles by conducting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis for drinking containers. We demonstrate the effectiveness of "Reduce " and "Reuse " in the 3Rs by simulating the change in CO2 emissions resulting from glass bottle reuse and reduction in glass bottle weight.
Abstract: "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle are terms which are familiar to us as the "3Rs. " The 3Rs enable us to decrease pollution in the environment. The "Super Light Returnable Glass Bottle " is a light and reusable glass bottle generated by advancements in the technology of glass engineering. By manufacturing and using "Super Light Returnable Glass Bottles "...
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A Lantern Retort for Small-Scale Gold Extraction
Richard Kwasi Amankwah,
Grace Ofori-Sarpong
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
161-167
Received:
25 August 2014
Accepted:
5 September 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Two major retorts used in small-scale gold mining operations to reduce mercury emissions, during amalgam distillation are the steel and thermex retorts. Steel retorts are not very popular due to the reported darkening of gold after retorting. In addition, its opaque nature prevents miners from observing the process directly. The Thermex glass retort introduced by the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) is also not patronised due to the extended heating periods resulting from the low thermal conductivity of glass. This paper describes a new retort, the Lantern retort, a combination of highly conductive steel with transparent glass, and therefore, a potential solution to the above concerns. The Lantern retort has a shorter warm-up and amalgam distillation time, and the rate of heating is 1.81oC/s while that of the Thermex is 1.49oC/s. For an amalgam of mass 20 g, 900 s was required to carry out complete distillation in the Lantern retort as against 2100 s in the Thermex. The height of the distillation column of the Lantern retort required to reduce mercury loss to below 1%, as it is with the Thermex retort, is 2.5 cm. Other advantages of the Lantern retort are that, it is less expensive and can withstand the harsh terrain of small-scale gold mining.
Abstract: Two major retorts used in small-scale gold mining operations to reduce mercury emissions, during amalgam distillation are the steel and thermex retorts. Steel retorts are not very popular due to the reported darkening of gold after retorting. In addition, its opaque nature prevents miners from observing the process directly. The Thermex glass retor...
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Anaerobic Digestion of Banana Winery Effluent for Biogas Production
Sophia Saidi Bakili,
Amare Gessesse,
Kelvin Mtei,
Karoli Nicholus Njau
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
168-173
Received:
4 September 2014
Accepted:
13 September 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
Abstract: The efficiency of banana winery effluent (BWE) in biogas production through improving fermentation process was investigated in this study. The study was conducted in a batch system under mesophilic temperature of 35oC achieved by using controlled thermostat waterbath. Two sets of experiments (labeled as experiment 1 and experiment 2) with five reactors each, were performed in the laboratory. For experiment 1, reactor A was treated as a control with no addition of urea while 1g,2g,3g and 4g of urea were added in reactors B,C,D and E respectively. For experiment 2, different amount of sucrose, that is 0.18g, 0.27g, 0.36g and 0.44g were added in the reactors B, C, D and E correspondingly, and reactor A without sucrose addition was used as the control .Results for experiment 1 revealed that reactor A produced largest volume of biogas (1.93L) followed by reactor B with least amount of urea where 1.37L of biogas was generated. Other reactors produced smaller volume of biogas during the study period. For experiment 2 results indicated large volume of biogas (2.72L) was produced in reactor C with 0.27g of sucrose followed by reactor D (2.71L) with 0.36g sucrose. The biogas produced contained 68.9% - 74.6% methane (CH4). This study concluded that addition of nitrogen source does not increase biogas production from Banana winery effluent while addition of carbon source is important as a source of energy for enhancing C: N ratio for process stability and biogas production.
Abstract: The efficiency of banana winery effluent (BWE) in biogas production through improving fermentation process was investigated in this study. The study was conducted in a batch system under mesophilic temperature of 35oC achieved by using controlled thermostat waterbath. Two sets of experiments (labeled as experiment 1 and experiment 2) with five reac...
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Environmental Impact of Wastewater Discharges from FERMENCAM
Noukeu Nkouakam Armelle,
Priso Richard Jules
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
174-178
Received:
16 August 2014
Accepted:
28 August 2014
Published:
10 October 2014
Abstract: This study aims to assess the environmental impact of wastewater discharges from FERMENCAM. Effluent and wastewater samples were collected respectively at the plant outlet and in the receiving environment, and physico-chemical analyses carried out revealed an organic pollution with a high pollution load that can be observed by phosphate levels in water at the plant outlet. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is high at the plant outlet (20300 mg of O2 / L) and 16200 mg of O2 / L are found in the receiving environment. The BOD5/COD (chemical oxygen demand) ratio of effluents discharged by FERMENCAM and that of the receiving environment is 0.90. This value is higher than 0.5, meaning that the organic matter of both effluents is highly biodegradable. The results show that the increase in conductivity and decrease in total dissolved salts are due to an excessive mineralization of organic matters. The results show that the chlorophyll synthesis in Amaranthus viridis leaves is linked to the quality of the environment, and that is why such leaves can easily adapt to the polluted environment. In short, the wastewater impact on water quality of the receiving environment is evident, and these data will allow better environmental protection, thus promoting the development of various waterfront activities. In addition, the need for sustainable wastewater management (wastewater treatment plants, pre-treatment of industrial waters and sensitization) in the study area proves to be vital and urgent in order to improve wastewater quality and contribute to improving the state of the environment.
Abstract: This study aims to assess the environmental impact of wastewater discharges from FERMENCAM. Effluent and wastewater samples were collected respectively at the plant outlet and in the receiving environment, and physico-chemical analyses carried out revealed an organic pollution with a high pollution load that can be observed by phosphate levels in w...
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Development of a Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach for Water Reuse in Irrigation
Jacob Kihila,
Kelvin Mark Mtei,
Karoli Nicholas Njau
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
179-184
Received:
2 September 2014
Accepted:
25 September 2014
Published:
10 October 2014
Abstract: Water reuse is one of the alternatives to counteract the already experienced water shortages. However water reuse as any other investment is associated with costs. This article looks at water reuse for irrigation as one of the areas that has recently gained attention. However, water reuse requires a prior installation of wastewater treatment and the irrigation systems of which all requires financial resources. Analysis of the costs and benefits of water reuse remains one of the key tools for decision making. Unfortunately there has been no universal way for doing cost benefit analysis that can fit all reuse applications and the local settings. The objective of this study was to customize the existing water reuse cost benefit analysis methods and develop cost benefit analysis for water reuse in irrigation. The net benefit value approach was studied, examined and modified to incorporate all the relevant cost items and benefits associated with water reuse in irrigation. Based on the approach developed a discussion have been made whereby it was evident that the main cost elements for water reuse in irrigation are those associated with land for installations, the treatment plant and the irrigation systems involving their installations, operation and maintenance. On the other hand it has been shown that the main elements for benefits are related to natural resources recovered, improved agricultural production and the environmental benefits.
Abstract: Water reuse is one of the alternatives to counteract the already experienced water shortages. However water reuse as any other investment is associated with costs. This article looks at water reuse for irrigation as one of the areas that has recently gained attention. However, water reuse requires a prior installation of wastewater treatment and th...
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Case Study of The Relationship between Heat-Resistant Paint and Comfortable Indoor Temperatures
Takashi Oda,
Kimihiro Yamanaka,
Mitsuyuki Kawakami
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
185-189
Received:
10 September 2014
Accepted:
7 October 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: Higher temperatures can cause health problems such as heat stroke, and the number of cases increases sharply in people over 65 years old. Elderly people have a high risk of heat stroke, not only during the day but also at night, and they also have a reduced sensitivity to heat, so the possibility that countermeasures are taken too late increases. In such cases adverse effects cannot be prevented by measures involving voluntary action, including the provision of air conditioning. For these reasons, heat stroke countermeasures involving methods that do not depend on the sensory functions of the target person are needed. Therefore, we propose a new method for controlling indoor temperatures using heat-resistant paint. In this study, two verification experiments were conducted totest the proposed temperature control method in cargo containers and communal buildings. The effectiveness of the methods was apparent in measurements of temperature and electricity consumption.
Abstract: Higher temperatures can cause health problems such as heat stroke, and the number of cases increases sharply in people over 65 years old. Elderly people have a high risk of heat stroke, not only during the day but also at night, and they also have a reduced sensitivity to heat, so the possibility that countermeasures are taken too late increases. I...
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Ceramic Membranes in Removing Boron from Processed Geothermal Waters
Bilgehan Ilker Harman,
Hasan Koseoglu,
Nevzat Ozgu Yigit,
Nalan Kabay,
Asuman Akyuz,
Mehmet Kitis
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
190-194
Received:
20 September 2014
Accepted:
6 October 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: The main objective of this work was to investigate the removal of boron from processed geothermal waters (i.e., after energy production) in lab-scale tests using ceramic ultrafiltration membranes. The impacts of membrane operating pressure, feed water pH and temperature and membrane pore size on boron rejections were determined. Three different single-channel tubular ceramic membrane modules with average pore sizes of 4 nm, 10 nm and 1 kD were tested. Fine-UF ceramic membrane with 4 nm pore size provided higher boron and salt rejections than the other two tested membranes. Increasing pH from 8.8 to 10.5 did not enhance boron rejections. Operating pressure around 8 bar was found to be optimum in terms of flux values and boron and salt rejections for the 4 nm pore-sized membrane. The results indicated that ceramic ultrafiltration membranes can only partially (around 25-30%) remove boron from geothermal waters. Once much lower pore-sized nanofiltration or brackish water reverse osmosis type ceramic membranes are available, they may be used for the desalination of processed geothermal waters since ceramic membranes are resistant to extreme conditions. Ceramic fine-UF membranes can also be used as a pre-treatment stage prior to polymeric brackish water reverse osmosis processes in desalination of geothermal waters.
Abstract: The main objective of this work was to investigate the removal of boron from processed geothermal waters (i.e., after energy production) in lab-scale tests using ceramic ultrafiltration membranes. The impacts of membrane operating pressure, feed water pH and temperature and membrane pore size on boron rejections were determined. Three different sin...
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Land Evaluation Based on GIS for Spatial Management of an Urbanized Region, NE Iran
Mohammad Reza Mansouri Daneshvar
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
195-199
Received:
21 September 2014
Accepted:
5 October 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: In the present study, was used the land evaluation for spatial development of an urbanized region on the basis of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Based on this method, the surface area and percentage distribution of land evaluation were calculated and it was found that 12 landforms (about 22.5% of the surface area) are under the high and moderate suitability to spatial development. The results revealed that the regions with high suitability indices are located in the middle and south parts of the study area. In this study, was presented a map of land suitability for environmental assessment of the region, which can be applied in spatial planning, quick and safe mitigation measures and future development strategies at this urbanized region.
Abstract: In the present study, was used the land evaluation for spatial development of an urbanized region on the basis of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Based on this method, the surface area and percentage distribution of land evaluation were calculated and it was found that 12 landforms (about 22.5% of the s...
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