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Historical Perspective on Mental Health: Emergence, Transformations of Subjectivity and Consequences in Clinical Practices
Wilson Daniel Ortiz Lopera
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, June 2023
Pages:
1-7
Received:
7 December 2022
Accepted:
23 December 2022
Published:
17 January 2023
Abstract: Mental health has become a prolific field of research, concern, debate and intervention in the health sciences and human sciences in the last two decades. The fundamental interest of this brief history of the concept of mental health is to analyze the semantic and pragmatic configuration of the concept. There is a wide range of social uses of mental health. In the conditions of life of post-industrial capitalism since the Second World War, mental health has become a field of production of discourses and commodities addressed to the individual as coping templates, tools for self-understanding of their lives or mechanisms of meaning to overcome the difficulties of life. The event of mental health entails registers social events, socially mediated life experiences, cultural meanings, as well as capacities of agency over reality to the point of becoming a systematic articulation of human acts and contents of experience that ordered reality, therefore, it acquired the quality of a concept. Mental health is of relevance for historical work because it has left in its wake sources of various categories that require an exercise of compilation, systematization, reflection and narration. It is a reflexive concept for history: it reflects on experience, functions, practices and uses. It is part of what has been called the linguistic turn and the emotional turn, the awareness that both language and affective sensitivities sediment the understanding of the world. For this historiographic approach it is necessary to understand the context of emergence, the transformations of subjectivity, the consequences on clinical practices, and the means that have allowed its scientific and cultural appropriation in the second half of the twentieth century.
Abstract: Mental health has become a prolific field of research, concern, debate and intervention in the health sciences and human sciences in the last two decades. The fundamental interest of this brief history of the concept of mental health is to analyze the semantic and pragmatic configuration of the concept. There is a wide range of social uses of menta...
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Propaganda and Public Health: Impact of Wartime Propaganda on U.S. Public Perception of the Spanish Flu
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, June 2023
Pages:
8-12
Received:
6 February 2023
Accepted:
7 March 2023
Published:
16 March 2023
Abstract: Millions of people worldwide were affected by the Spanish flu, often known as the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was a major global health emergency. The epidemic in the United States happened during World War I, and the fighting significantly impacted how the government handled the pandemic. The U.S. administration employed propaganda to downplay the epidemic's seriousness and encourage the population to carry on with their regular routines to maintain morale and support for the war effort. There were other messages urging people to keep working, supporting the war, and spreading the illusion that the flu was no worse than the ordinary cold. This strategy for dealing with the epidemic significantly impacted the public's image of the sickness. The spread of the virus was aided by the fact that many individuals did not take the threat of the flu seriously. Furthermore, the people's anxieties and worries were made worse by the propaganda that was used to minimize the severity of the epidemic. This undermined popular confidence in the government's ability to manage the issue. In the end, propaganda employed by the U.S. government during the Spanish flu epidemic significantly influenced how the public viewed the sickness. The government was able to preserve morale and support for the war effort by downplaying the severity of the epidemic. Still, this strategy also aided in the spread of the illness and damaged public confidence in the administration's response to the crisis.
Abstract: Millions of people worldwide were affected by the Spanish flu, often known as the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was a major global health emergency. The epidemic in the United States happened during World War I, and the fighting significantly impacted how the government handled the pandemic. The U.S. administration employed propaganda to downplay ...
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A History of the Pastoral Way of Life in the Awash Valley, Ethiopia
Teshale Aklilu Gebretsadik
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, June 2023
Pages:
13-21
Received:
26 July 2022
Accepted:
10 December 2022
Published:
27 April 2023
Abstract: The main objective of this seminar paper is to explore pastoral way of life in the Awash Valley. It is well known that pastoralism is a way of life mostly found in Africa that is based on raising livestock and using mobility as a fundamental technique for livelihood development and risk management system. In Ethiopia, there are a total of twenty nine pastoralist group. Yet, this seminar paper focuses on Debne Afar, the Karrayu, Arsi, Ittu, Jile, and Issa-Somali, the six pastoralist groups traditionally inhabiting on the Awash valley. Many research studies are conducted around pastoralism in Ethiopia by depending and explaining on the conflict between pastoralists, economic activities, and those prone to drought. However, the present seminar paper wants to fill a gap in providing a detailed examination with historic narratives available documents on the way of life and interaction of pastoralists in the Awash valley, conflict and traditional resolution mechanisms, government policy towards pastoralists, assess drought and traditional mitigation measures, which are the main focus of this paper. The survey of literature is restricted to the published secondary materials of books, reputable with peer reviewed journals, articles and unpublished materials of report, MA thesis and PhD dissertations that have been available to this writer to date. In conclusion, there are certain aspects of the pastoralist way of life that lessons can be drawn from their practices, unlike other pastoralist groups. Afar was able to found an organized local state of Aussa in 1577 AD under the leadership of Mohammed Jassa around Awash valley, still local clan leaders continued old administrative functions. The Karrayu pastoralists also began to intermingle and intermarry with Ittu pastoralist communities in the study area for a long period of time. There are a number of frequent conflicts in pastoral communities. However, the major conflicts are Afar agains. Karrayu and Afar fight Issa-Somali clan was dominant ones. vis-à-vis of their conflict most pastoralists in the Awash valley in thier long history have been able developed traditional conflict resolution mechanisms such as the Ittu Oromo have had belief systems known as Abarsa and Kakku, the unwritten rangeland pastoral law of the Issa–Somalia clan, also known as Heer Issa, and the Afar pastoralists also have a strong traditional clan leader named Finna.
Abstract: The main objective of this seminar paper is to explore pastoral way of life in the Awash Valley. It is well known that pastoralism is a way of life mostly found in Africa that is based on raising livestock and using mobility as a fundamental technique for livelihood development and risk management system. In Ethiopia, there are a total of twenty ni...
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-- Select One --
The Construction of Pyramids in the Old Kingdom
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, June 2023
Pages:
22-30
Received:
6 January 2023
Accepted:
25 January 2023
Published:
5 June 2023
DOI:
10.11648/j.history.20231101.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: In the past, renowned Egyptologists, engineers and architects put forward many hypotheses about the construction of the pyramids in ancient Egypt. This article explains basic considerations and findings on pyramid construction from an Egyptological and technical point of view. Various findings are made on the construction and transport methods developed in the Old Kingdom for pyramid construction. These are based on the shortest possible construction time using transport ramps arranged tangentially on the structure. The construction methods and construction techniques have developed very quickly within 65 years from the beginning of the construction of the first pyramid of Snofru in Meidum to the Great Pyramid of Cheops due to the experience gained. The principle of the layered pyramid gave way to the principle of the pyramid with a core step structure. For structural reasons, the construction of the outer cladding of the pyramids, the placement of the pyramidion and the smoothing of the outer cladding from top to bottom could only have been carried out when used outside the platforms. The planning and construction work required constant measurements of the various levels and axes of the building. The tools archaeologically documented in the Old Kingdom were used. A new hypothesis on the development of the construction of the pyramids in the Old Kingdom is presented. After that, the cladding masonry, backing stones and exterior cladding will be erected at the same time as the steps of the core structure. According to the height of the core steps, platforms for the construction of tangential ramps for transporting building materials are attached to the outer cladding (bosses), which has not yet been smoothed. Calculations of the construction times of the Red Pyramid, the Pyramid of Cheops and the Pyramid of Mykerinos do not contradict the reigns of the kings: Snofru 35 years, Cheops 23 years and Mykerinos with recently 6 years Ad. The described proposal for the construction of the pyramids in the Old Kingdom by means of tangentially arranged steep ramps and outer platforms was published in principle for the first time in 2008. In a monograph as well as in various publications, the hypothesis presented was further developed.
Abstract: In the past, renowned Egyptologists, engineers and architects put forward many hypotheses about the construction of the pyramids in ancient Egypt. This article explains basic considerations and findings on pyramid construction from an Egyptological and technical point of view. Various findings are made on the construction and transport methods deve...
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Ecology and Wildlife Conservation in the Colonial Period: Special Case of Princely Rajputana
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, June 2023
Pages:
31-37
Received:
15 April 2023
Accepted:
7 June 2023
Published:
20 June 2023
Abstract: Princely Rajputana has been famous for hunting since the Middle Ages. These areas are frequented by rulers who go hunting. The rulers played a crucial role in southern Rajputana in the seventeenth century; they fought numerous battles to seize Mewar because of its significance on all three fronts (political, economic, and ecological). The natural riches and excellent games were plentiful in this area. A variety of deer, wild boar, lions, tigers, leopards, and other animals might be found in Mewar. In addition to highlighting the local biodiversity, this article documents overfishing throughout Rajputana. The Rajputana region was the monarchs' preferred hunting ground, and although they engaged in excessive hunting there, there were no reports of any wildlife populations declining. However, the number of wild animals severely declined throughout the colonial era. Wild animals vanished from many Rajputana locations quickly due to the lack of conservation methods used by the princes and colonial officials. Killing wild animals was a common pastime in India during the colonial era. They viewed wildlife as a game rather than a living being. Princes and Maharajas supported the significance of this game, albeit hunting still needed to be done for profit, and they welcomed visitors from Europe to use the local flora. Local authorities and colonial officials expelled the native population from the game. The people, who relied solely on the forest’s resources, had severe problems with food and other resources. Numerous individuals perished from starvation during the famine. When wild animals started to disappear, a few local leaders began to protect wildlife, but it never quite reached the previous level.
Abstract: Princely Rajputana has been famous for hunting since the Middle Ages. These areas are frequented by rulers who go hunting. The rulers played a crucial role in southern Rajputana in the seventeenth century; they fought numerous battles to seize Mewar because of its significance on all three fronts (political, economic, and ecological). The natural r...
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