Research Article
A Novel Preparation and Purification of Ethyl-β-Cyclodextrins
Gan Yongjiang*,
Wei Xiangping,
Zhou Zhen,
Zhang Yimin
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2024
Pages:
27-31
Received:
16 March 2024
Accepted:
15 April 2024
Published:
29 April 2024
Abstract: Ethyl-β-cyclodextrin can be widely used for controlled release of drugs, but its application is greatly limited due to the use of toxic ethylation reagents such as diethyl sulfate, chloroethane, and iodoethane in previous synthesis processes. This article expands the application range of ethyl-β-cyclodextrin by using green ethylation reagent instead of previously toxic ethyl reagents to synthesize ethyl-βcyclodextrin. Ethyl-β-cyclodextrins were studied by reaction with diethyl carbonate and β-cyclodextrin in DMF using anhydrous potassium carbonate as catalyst, During the reaction process, in order to avoid oxidation, the samples were kept in a protective atmosphere of N2 flow. A new green synthesis process for ethyl-cyclodextrins, using silica gel chromatography to synthesize and purify four substituted 6-O-ethyl-cyclodextrins. Their structures were characterized by IR, MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The final product with a yield of 4% was obtained by chromatographic separation using acetonitrile-concd aq NH3-H2O-EtOAc (6:1:3:1) as the eluent. IR data indicate that the obtained product is the expected product. 13C-NMR characterization indicates that the substitution position of the product is at position 6, 1H-NMR, and MS characterization indicate that the degree of substitution of the product is 4. This synthesis method takes full advantage of the spatial selectivity of β-cyclodextrin. The method is green and simple. The target product is synthesized in one step, which is superior to previous reports.
Abstract: Ethyl-β-cyclodextrin can be widely used for controlled release of drugs, but its application is greatly limited due to the use of toxic ethylation reagents such as diethyl sulfate, chloroethane, and iodoethane in previous synthesis processes. This article expands the application range of ethyl-β-cyclodextrin by using green ethylation reagent instea...
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Research Article
Olive Mill Wastewaters Spreading on Agricultural Land: Results and Practical Management
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2024
Pages:
32-41
Received:
7 March 2024
Accepted:
22 March 2024
Published:
17 May 2024
Abstract: Rich in water (88 to 95%), organic matter (6 to 14%) and mineral matter (1.5 to 4%), the olive mill wastewater or liquid effluent from the olive processing industry represents a certain fertilizer source. Four treatments (Control, 50, 100 and 200 m3 ha-1 of OMWW) with an annual spreading of fresh OMWW, are applied to evaluate the effects of direct spreading of this by-product on the soil and the plant. From the first application, the level of organic matter changed significantly compared to the control soil without OMWW. In fact, three months after spreading, the respective levels of this substance increased from 0.42% in the control plot, to 0.91%, 1.02% and 1.47% respectively, for the spreading doses of 50, 100 or 200 m3 ha-1. After several years, these same rates are only 0.84%, 0.91% and 0.95% for the respective doses of 50, 100 and 200 m3 ha-1, indicating an intense activity of mineralization of organic matter under the effect of the soil microflora whose number has increased. The improvement in mineral status consequently improved the growth of olive groves with application doses of 50 and 100 m3 ha-1. A decline in olive production was recorded with the dose 200 m3 ha-1, which could be explained by the inhibitory effect probably resulting from a slight toxic action of polyphenols accumulated in the soil. Finally, it should be noted that the results of this research led to the development of Decree No. 1308/2013 of February 26, 2013, authorizing the spreading of 50 m3 ha 1 of fresh vegetable water.
Abstract: Rich in water (88 to 95%), organic matter (6 to 14%) and mineral matter (1.5 to 4%), the olive mill wastewater or liquid effluent from the olive processing industry represents a certain fertilizer source. Four treatments (Control, 50, 100 and 200 m3 ha-1 of OMWW) with an annual spreading of fresh OMWW, are applied to evaluate the effects of direct ...
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,
Kamel Gargouri
