-
Management Practices of Pasture, Range and Grazing Reserves for Livestock Production in the Tropics: A Review
Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim,
Lawal Abubakar Usman
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
18-26
Received:
20 April 2021
Accepted:
5 May 2021
Published:
14 May 2021
Abstract: The objective of the paper was to review management practices of pasture, range and grazing reserves in order to ensure steady supply of feed and promote sustainable livestock productivity in the tropics. Grazing management deals with such questions as how long should animals stay in one area and how long they should stay off it; which animals should graze what pasture; how many animals should graze together and what other activities should be integrated with grazing. Grazing management and stocking rate are the two most important variables affecting herbage production, seasonal pattern of production, herbage quality and botanical composition. Farm animals require nutrients to support body maintenance, reproduction, lactation, and growth. The nutritional needs of livestock vary according to breed, age, sex, class, stage of production, performance level and weight. Physiological and environmental stressors, such as sickness and weather, can also influence nutritional requirements. Ruminant animals, especially cattle, sheep and goats are natural grazers and possess remarkable ability to digest plant carbohydrates that is generally indigestible by most other mammals. It is natural then to assume that, grazing is the best way to supply a nutrient-dense diet to ruminant animals. Pasture land with high quality grass-legume can meet energy requirements of growing or lactating ruminants in the wet season. Energy supplementation on pasture helps in maintaining high grains and milk production. High quality forages have the ability to supply all the energy needed to maintain highly-productive ruminants throughout the growing season, but only when managed intensively. Legume-grass pastures have protein content greater than 18% during the vegetative stage. Feed resources that contain minerals include; range or pasture plants, harvested forages, concentrates and mineral supplements. The levels of minerals in plants are a function of interaction between several factors which include soil type, plant species, stage of maturity, dry matter yield, grazing management and climate. Forage conservation and preservation should be highly encouraged among farmers especially during the wet season where the feed resources are in abundant supply.
Abstract: The objective of the paper was to review management practices of pasture, range and grazing reserves in order to ensure steady supply of feed and promote sustainable livestock productivity in the tropics. Grazing management deals with such questions as how long should animals stay in one area and how long they should stay off it; which animals shou...
Show More
-
Parasitoid Species Associated with Immature Stages pieris rapae (L.) Inhabiting Cabbage Plantations in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt
Farouk Abdel-kawi Abdel-Galil,
Safaa Mohamed Abdel-Rahman Mohamed Amro,
Abd El-Raheem Ahmed Abd El-Raheem,
Dalya Yousef Awad Darwish,
Mervat Ahmed Badawy Mahmoud
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
27-31
Received:
23 April 2021
Accepted:
17 May 2021
Published:
31 May 2021
Abstract: This work was initiated for the first time to identify parasitoid species associated with the immature stages of Pieris rapae (L.) inhabiting cabbage plantations in Assiut governorate, Upper Egypt during the 2018 and 2019 cabbage growing seasons. Attacking periods and parasitism percentages (PPs) of the identified parasitoid species were calculated. One solitary parasitoid species, Hyposoter ebeninus was found to attack P. rapae larvae in the field 110 days after transplantation. However, one hyperparasitoid species Baryscapus galactopus was recorded as an internal gregarious hyperparasitoid of H. ebeninus. The solitary larval parasitoid H. ebeninus strikes were recorded throughout the last five weeks of the season with a marked decline before harvesting. Although H. ebeninus revealed 42.00% abundance, it presented 21.69% PP on P. rapae larvae during the entire period of study. One solitary, Brachymeria femorata and two gregarious parasitoid species [Pteromalus puparum (L) and Tetrastichus sp. (Haliday) were recorded as P. rapae pupae parasitoids on October, 2nd. Parasitism peak was recorded on October, 16th with an average of 56.25%. The first appearance of the gregarious pupal parasitoid P. puparum was recorded on October, 9th. Four weeks later, the second gregarious parasitoid (Tetrastichus sp.) was recorded on November, 6th. Both pupal gregarious parasitoid species were found to be active until harvesting. The gregarious parasitoid P. puparum presented high PP (23.73%) as compared with Tetrastichus sp. which exhibited 6.96% PP during the entire period of study. In conclusion, two solitaries, one hyperparasitoid, and two gregarious parasitoid species were identified. Pupal gregarious parasitoid species together reduced P. rapae pupae populations by 30.69%. These parasitoids could be used in the IPM programs for this pest in the future. At the same time, the effect of hyperparsitoides must be taken into consideration.
Abstract: This work was initiated for the first time to identify parasitoid species associated with the immature stages of Pieris rapae (L.) inhabiting cabbage plantations in Assiut governorate, Upper Egypt during the 2018 and 2019 cabbage growing seasons. Attacking periods and parasitism percentages (PPs) of the identified parasitoid species were calculated...
Show More
-
Fauna Pests Infesting Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Penja-Cameroon
Victor Joly Dzokou,
Nicaise Lontchi Fofe,
Brice Hermann Kamgaing Kouam,
Aoudou Yaouba,
Joseph Lebel Tamesse
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
32-38
Received:
18 April 2021
Accepted:
21 May 2021
Published:
22 June 2021
Abstract: Pepper is one of the spices used in the fight against covid-19 in Cameroon. But its production faces many constraints, including arthropods and Molluscs. The purpose of this study in the Penja production basin was to invent the fauna associated with pepper and support trees, as well as pest damage for the development of an appropriate control program. To achieve this, a weekly fauna collection was conducted in 2020 on Lonpomg and Muntok pepper varieties and pest damage was identified. The individuals were captured using an entomological net and a mouth aspirator or with the hand and identified at the Phytopathology and Agricultural Zoology Research Unit, University of Dschang. The identification of this fauna was done under a binocular magnifying glass using the available identification keys. A total of 278 Insecta and Gastropoda were captured. The Insecta class consists of 9 orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera and Phasmatodea), and the order of Stylommatophora. Orthoptera was more representative in terms of individuals (85) and Isoptera and Odonata, the least representative (01 individual). Lonpomg variety was found to be the most attractive to pests. Fauna of useful insects is counted in Hymenoptera, others being pests. The presence of these useful insects shows that biological control is possible. The data collected provide a basis for preliminary knowledge of Piper nigrum's fauna and should be taken into consideration in the design of integrated control strategies for pepper pests in Cameroon.
Abstract: Pepper is one of the spices used in the fight against covid-19 in Cameroon. But its production faces many constraints, including arthropods and Molluscs. The purpose of this study in the Penja production basin was to invent the fauna associated with pepper and support trees, as well as pest damage for the development of an appropriate control progr...
Show More
