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Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Surface Waters in Guelma Basin, Algeria
Nora Kachi,
Slimane Kachi,
Houria Bousnoubra
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
238-244
Received:
15 August 2015
Accepted:
26 August 2015
Published:
3 September 2015
Abstract: In order to evaluate the influence of human activities on the quality of surface waters of Guelma basin, physicochemical parameters (T°, pH, EC, TSS, DO, BOD5 COD, PO4-, NH4+, NO2- and NO3-) and bacteriological (TG, TC, FC and FS) of waters of Maiz and Zimba river have been followed on three sites starting from upstream to downstream during the flood and dry period. The parameters showed a significant influence of leaching from agricultural soils, urban and industrial discharges on the physico-chemical and bacteriological composition of water. The nitrogen and phosphate compounds are more important during the flood period and the high densities of bacteria were observed in dry period. The results indicate that surface waters of Maiz and Zimba river revealed a signs of degradation whatever the sampling period, since the majority of the analyzed parameters show higher levels of contamination to Algerian standards.
Abstract: In order to evaluate the influence of human activities on the quality of surface waters of Guelma basin, physicochemical parameters (T°, pH, EC, TSS, DO, BOD5 COD, PO4-, NH4+, NO2- and NO3-) and bacteriological (TG, TC, FC and FS) of waters of Maiz and Zimba river have been followed on three sites starting from upstream to downstream during the flo...
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Assessment and Mapping of the Vulnerability of Soils in Imo State, Nigeria to Erosion Hazard Using Geographic Information System
Emeka Udokporo,
Martin Atu Ngozika Anikwe,
Kevin Ejike Chukwu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
245-259
Received:
25 July 2015
Accepted:
12 August 2015
Published:
24 September 2015
Abstract: Soil erosion by water is a critical problem in Imo State terrain due to anthropogenic pressure on its landscape. Assessment and mapping of erosion prone area is essential for soil conservation and watershed management. The objectives of the study are to use satellite imageries to assess and map the land cover, vegetation, land use, topography and hydrology; and to use field sampling to map soil properties and soil erodibility of Imo State with a view to assessing soil erosion hazard in Imo State. The DEM was generated to prepare slope map, elevation map and hill shading map. Results from the study show that 45.4 % of the land cover of Imo State representing 2256.7 Km2 is covered by light vegetation whereas 24.7 % of the land area representing 1229 Km2 is covered by thick vegetation. The result also showed that a large percentage of the entire land area (21%) representing 1046.3 Km2 is cultivated whereas 6.4% representing 319 Km2 is built up with houses and infrastructure like roads, bridges etc. The area covered by thick vegetation (24.7%) is categorized under slightly vulnerable to stable. A larger percentage (45.4%) is covered by light vegetation, and therefore, classified as moderately vulnerable to erosion whereas 27.4% comprising cultivated and built up areas are classified as highly to extremely vulnerable to erosion. Results also show that most parts of the state (4133Km2) representing 84% of the entire landscape fall into slightly to less vulnerable to erosion with a slope class between 1 – 4% slope. The results on hill shading concur with that of slope above. As expected, the dispersion ratios were affected by the type of underlying parent material. Results from the characterization of soil properties of study area show since most soils in the study area have high dispersion rates, depicting high vulnerability to soil erosion and 84% of the entire landscape fall into slightly to less vulnerable to erosion with a slope class between 1 – 4% slope, it then follows that high rates of erosion recorded for the area may be due to land use and management as light vegetation, cultivation and built areas cover 73% of the land area and classified as moderately to extremely vulnerable to erosion. The result at landscape and plot scale varies. Therefore, model results need to be carefully used for local level soil conservation planning.
Abstract: Soil erosion by water is a critical problem in Imo State terrain due to anthropogenic pressure on its landscape. Assessment and mapping of erosion prone area is essential for soil conservation and watershed management. The objectives of the study are to use satellite imageries to assess and map the land cover, vegetation, land use, topography and h...
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Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria
Masok Felix Bitrus,
Ike-Ogbonna,
Margaret Igeoma,
Dawam,
Robert Rangmou,
Jwanbot,
Daniel Ibrahim,
Yenle,
Nandi Michael
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
260-264
Received:
16 September 2015
Accepted:
29 September 2015
Published:
20 October 2015
Abstract: The specific activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in soil samples of abandoned tin ore and sediment from tin mining areas in Barkin-ladi were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry system using Sodium Iodide [NaI(Tl)] detector. Radiological hazard assessments due to these natural radionuclides were carried out. The aim was to assess the associated lifetime cancer risk owing to inhalation of the short life Radon gas from the tin ore and sediments by the inhabitants of this area after 70 years of exposure. The calculated activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in the collected ore samples were 275.44 ± 46.14, 239.95 ± 30.82 and 778.78 ± 29.30 Bqkg-1 respectively while those of the sediment samples were 1608.25 ± 55.60, 759.62 ± 47.95 and 4861.82 ±48.78 Bqkg-1 respectively. However, the mean absorbed dose rate in ores (629.86 nGyh-1) and in sediments (3612.05 nGyh-1), the mean radium equivalent in ores (1374Bqkg-1) and in sediments (7835.88 Bqkg-1) and the mean annual effective dose rate in ores (0.77mSvy-1) and in sediments (4.43mSvy-1) were all found to be higher than the recommended global average values of 59nGy-1, 370Bgkg-1 and 0.07mSvy-1 correspondingly. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) value obtained in this study for the ores samples ranges from 0.0026 to 0.0473 with an average of 0.0107 while the ELCR value in sediments samples was found to range from 0.3205 to 0.0036 with an average of 0.0620. Although the study reveals an average excess lifetime cancer risk value to be more in the sediment samples compare to ore samples, the excess lifetime cancer value within all the sample locations were above the world average value of 0.00029. Therefore, the present study reveals a lifetime cancer risk to the general public within this study area thus precaution need to be taken by ensuring inhabitants live in well ventilated houses since no level of radioactivity is harmless.
Abstract: The specific activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in soil samples of abandoned tin ore and sediment from tin mining areas in Barkin-ladi were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry system using Sodium Iodide [NaI(Tl)] detector. Radiological hazard assessments due to these natural radionuclides were carried out. The aim ...
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Environmental Evaluation of Small Scale Gold Mining in the Bonkani Region in the Upper East Area of Côted’Ivoire
Eboua Narcisse Wandan,
Gnammytchet Barthelemy Koffi,
Kouakou Bob Kouadio,
Zoly Desiré Gomba
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
265-274
Received:
14 June 2015
Accepted:
9 July 2015
Published:
21 October 2015
Abstract: Artisanal mining is usually done by workers with limited understanding of the long term impacts of their activities on the environment and on their health and with limited capacity to mitigate the risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental impact of this activity in the Department of Bouna where this activity has gained Importance. This study was done through data collection, interviews of miners, traders, and government services’ agents, and on site diagnosis. Six steps were inventoried on the mining sites: site prospection, digging holes, crushing mined ore, grinding of crushed ore, washing the flour after milling, and gold recovery with mercury. Among the activities on mining sites, 24% were found to present potential impact of major importance, 39% have potential impact of medium importance, and 37% have minor potential impacts. The major impacts are those impacting soil, landscape, and vegetation and water resources. These results showed that small scale gold mining significantly impacts the environment. As recommendation, it was proposed site rehabilitation by reforestation, the help of miners to use retors which are mercury traps or eventually mercury-free gold extraction technologies such as chlorination. A simple policy of solid and liquid waste management must be developed by site owners. They must ensure the education of miners and of the population living on mining sites on the importance of using and building effective systems for on-site sanitation. Besides that, programs focusing on HIV/STI prevention, with targeted interventions for high risk women must be implemented under private/public/NGO partnership. Since the resilience of the gold mining activities has proven to be one of the main sources of livelihoods in local communities of the extraction sites, the state should define a consistent policy of artisanal gold mining taking into account the environmental, social and health.
Abstract: Artisanal mining is usually done by workers with limited understanding of the long term impacts of their activities on the environment and on their health and with limited capacity to mitigate the risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental impact of this activity in the Department of Bouna where this activity has gained Importan...
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Heavy Metals Pollution Level in Water, Fish and Sediments from the Logone River Within Moundou City (Chad)
Massang Tchoroun,
Guy Bertrand Noumi,
New Mahamat Tchadanaye,
Jean Marie Dikdim Dangwang
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
275-281
Received:
19 September 2015
Accepted:
30 September 2015
Published:
22 October 2015
Abstract: The evaluation of metal pollution level of Logone River at Moundou (Chad) was done by measuring the amount of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The water, sediments and fish samples were collected around the river at 4 sites and the concentrations were determined by spectrophotometric UV-Visible analyses. The results obtained showed that iron (Fe) had the highest concentration in water with average of 0.77±0.03mg/L followed by Mn (0.13±0.01 mg/L). In contrast, in the sediments Mn had a highest concentration followed by Fe with an average content of 33.17±0.04mg/kg and 7.61±0.02mg/kg respectively. In both cases, Cd had the lowest concentration of 0.52±0.03µg/kg and 0.43±0.02µg/L in the sediment and water respectively. The lowest values of enrichment factor (0-0.88) and average contamination indexes (0.74 to 0.88) indicates that the sediment are not polluted by As, Cd, Cr and Pb. However, Mn is highly found in sediment with an EF of 76.88% and 100% at AM and COT sampling site respectively at which suggest the origin of this heavy metal by Coton tchad activities. The values of bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn proved that the fishes are under bioaccumulation step. This study proved that the various waste generated by industries (CotonTchad and Brewery of Chad) and agriculture practices at Moundou affect significantly the quality of Logone River ecosystem.
Abstract: The evaluation of metal pollution level of Logone River at Moundou (Chad) was done by measuring the amount of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The water, sediments and fish samples were collected around the river at 4 sites and the concentrations were determined by spectrophotometric UV-Visible anal...
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Municipal Solid Waste Quantity, Composition and Current Management Practices in Gilgit City, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Farasat Ali,
Yawar Abbas,
Attarad Ali,
Qasim Khan,
Nawazish Ali,
Rizwan Karim,
Jarrar Hussain,
Islamuddin
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
282-287
Received:
29 September 2015
Accepted:
11 October 2015
Published:
28 October 2015
Abstract: Gilgit city with an area of around 10 sq. kilometers and an estimated population of about 65,845.6 people is most rapidly growing urban settlement of the province. This city generates about 42.5 tonne of waste per day and Municipal Committee Gilgit (MCG) is the authority responsible to manage this waste. The present annual budget of Municipal committee is around Rs. 1,8900000 (USD 189, 000). Equipments and machineries available for waste collection and transportation include 4 tractor trolleys, 200 Dustbins (installed), Dumpsters 15, Beats 7, Mazda 1 and, 25 wheel barrows. Waste is picked up manually using handcarts, baskets and polythene bags. Irregular and uncontrolled sweeping, confined to commercial zones, together with refuse generated from the household and commercial areas i.e. indiscriminately thrown on the roadsides. Tractor trolleys are used to collect and transport waste out of the city. There is no proper disposal method for the generated waste and is dumped on land within the city along Gilgit River (Indus River) bank. Major sources of waste in Gilgit city include, Household waste 40%, Commercial establishment (e.g. shops and hotels, offices) 60%. This generated waste is comprised of organic waste (e.g. food waste) 70-80% Inorganic waste (e.g. plastic, glass and metals) 20 - 30%.
Abstract: Gilgit city with an area of around 10 sq. kilometers and an estimated population of about 65,845.6 people is most rapidly growing urban settlement of the province. This city generates about 42.5 tonne of waste per day and Municipal Committee Gilgit (MCG) is the authority responsible to manage this waste. The present annual budget of Municipal commi...
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GC/MS Monitoring of Selected PAHs in Soil Samples Using Ultrasound-assisted QuEChERS in Tandem with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
288-292
Received:
17 September 2015
Accepted:
30 September 2015
Published:
30 October 2015
Abstract: Herein, a method consisting of ultrasound-assisted QuEChERS in tandem with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed for monitoring of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in various soil samples using gas chromatography coupled to a single quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Ultrasound-assisted QuEChERS was employed to extract the PAHs from 2.0 g of soil using 7 ml of initial extraction solvent (acetonitrile: water (5:2 v/v)) and the salt mixture. The resulting supernatant extract was cleaned through the addition of C18, PSA and the mix salt followed by centrifugation, decantation and filtration. Of the clean organic phase, 1.0 ml was withdrawn and added with12 µl of C2Cl4 (disperser solvent). The resulting mixture was then injected rapidly into an aqueous sample (5.0 ml) by a syringe for further preconcentration. As a result, the cloudy solution consisting of fine particles of the extraction solvent dispersed into the aqueous phase was formed. After centrifuging, the fine particles were sedimented at the bottom of the conical test tube (5.0 ± 0.5µl). Of which, 1.0 µl was injected to the GC/MS for monitoring of the PAHs. Several influential parameters including ultrasound extraction time, initial extraction and disperser solvent and their respective volumes were all evaluated to achieve the optimal conditions. Under the optimal conditions, limits of quantification (2.5-4.0 ng/g) and linear ranges (r2≥ 0.98) were obtained for the PAHs. The method was then successfully applied for the extraction and monitoring of the PAHs in the real soil samples. Accuracy of the method was evaluated by the relative recovery experiments on spiked samples with the results ranging from 81 to 92%. In the mean time, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were found to be in the range of 4.8–15.9%.
Abstract: Herein, a method consisting of ultrasound-assisted QuEChERS in tandem with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed for monitoring of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in various soil samples using gas chromatography coupled to a single quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Ultrasound-assisted QuEChERS was emplo...
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Effect of Mercury Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Kinds of Warm Season Turf Grass
Yu-chen Guo,
Ying-ying Liu,
Rui-ying Wang,
Sai Wang,
Xiao-ping Lu,
Bo Wang
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
293-297
Received:
12 November 2015
Published:
12 November 2015
Abstract: In this paper, we adopted the pot simulation test method and took the plants that had been polluted by heavy metals as the research materials, to reveal the effect of mercury stress on photosynthetic characteristics and material production of turf grass. The results showed that, with the increase of the mercury stress intensity and the extension of time, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of leaf of the two kinds of grass continued to decline, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) continued to rise. The influence of mercury stress on photosynthetic characteristics of the two kinds of grass was shifting from stomatal limitation to non-stomatal limitation. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of mercury stress on the photosynthetic characteristics of turf grass.
Abstract: In this paper, we adopted the pot simulation test method and took the plants that had been polluted by heavy metals as the research materials, to reveal the effect of mercury stress on photosynthetic characteristics and material production of turf grass. The results showed that, with the increase of the mercury stress intensity and the extension of...
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A Water Monitoring and Early Warning System of COD Using UV-Vis Spectroscopy
Tang Yuan,
Wei Biao,
Wu De-chao,
Liu Juan,
Xiong Shuang-fei,
Zhang Zhen,
Tang Ge,
Feng Peng
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
298-303
Received:
12 November 2015
Published:
12 November 2015
Abstract: A distributed remote water monitoring and early warning system was proposed, which used the UV-Vis spectroscopy, GPS, GIS, 4G network, COD solution and database technology, to solve the problems including long detection cycle, limited scale and the lack of early warning mechanism of the water monitoring. 50 groups of original water sample from Ciqikou to Chaotianmen of Jialing River in Chongqing, China (every 5 km decorate a monitoring node, every 60 minutes collect data) was selected to study distributed remote water monitoring and early warning system of COD in UV-Vis spectroscopy based on 4G networks. The results indicated that through the system, not only the real-time display and storage, historical data query and warning function of water quality monitoring information could be achieved, but also the status of the water quality environment on the basis of COD can be reflected, which has a strong practicability and can provide environmental monitoring departments with real-time water quality information.
Abstract: A distributed remote water monitoring and early warning system was proposed, which used the UV-Vis spectroscopy, GPS, GIS, 4G network, COD solution and database technology, to solve the problems including long detection cycle, limited scale and the lack of early warning mechanism of the water monitoring. 50 groups of original water sample from Ciqi...
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Incidence of Emerging and Innovative Climate Change Adaptation Practices for Smallholder Farmers' in Nachingwea District, Southern Tanzania
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
304-311
Received:
17 October 2015
Accepted:
26 October 2015
Published:
13 November 2015
Abstract: In view of the spatial hierarchical order of factors influencing farmers’ decision making on climate change adaptation we should note that adaptation occurs at two main levels; farm level that focuses on micro-level analysis of farmer decision making and national, or macro-level factors that are concerned about agricultural production at the national and regional scales. The purpose of this paper is to understand the factors determining smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change, in Nachingwea district and toward sustainable management of their agricultural production and livelihood. Both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected by use of structured questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Based on the research plan, a total of 250 individual households were randomly selected and interviewed. About 92% of smallholder farmers in the study area indicated climate change is really happening. To smallholder farmers the concept “climate change” was associated with variability in weather conditions such as rainfall inconsistency and unpredictability over years. At the community level the effects of climate change and variability were revealed through food shortages as reported by 52.8% of the respondents, infestation of uncommon pests (53.5%), too much rainfall (43.2%), diminishing rainfall/drought (64.6%) and human diseases (32.5%). The findings of this study have important policy implications for the promotion of climate change adaptation strategies at the farm level in semi‐arid regions, coastal area and elsewhere. To facilitate farmer's investment in long‐term adaptation options, government should ensure that tenure arrangements, even in communal smallholder farming system in the country, are secured.
Abstract: In view of the spatial hierarchical order of factors influencing farmers’ decision making on climate change adaptation we should note that adaptation occurs at two main levels; farm level that focuses on micro-level analysis of farmer decision making and national, or macro-level factors that are concerned about agricultural production at the nation...
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The Implication of Residual Bacterial Isolates from Port Harcourt Waters
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
312-316
Received:
17 October 2015
Accepted:
27 October 2015
Published:
13 November 2015
Abstract: The implication of residual bacterial isolates from two Port Harcourt waters: Abonnema Wharf (A) and Tourist Beach (B) were investigated in this study. A total of twelve (12) bacterial genera were isolated and mostly, which are of great public health concern, and are the cause of Enteric diseases in humans. Bacterial species was more diverse at B than A. Faecal coliforms were found as abundant species beyond regulatory permissible limits in the waters, indicating Pollution of the aquatic systems. The enumeration method employed was the Membrane filtration, where the residues were incubated at 350C for isolation of total coliforms and 44.50C for Faecal coliform for 24 – 48 hours. Sewage contamination from humans and animals excrements, erosion/run-off, industrial effluents and oil spillage may have profound effect on the waters studied. The result of the study is a wake-up call for community involvement to protect water bodies and supplies from Pollution and to perform basic local surveillance and maintenance of water and sanitation systems.
Abstract: The implication of residual bacterial isolates from two Port Harcourt waters: Abonnema Wharf (A) and Tourist Beach (B) were investigated in this study. A total of twelve (12) bacterial genera were isolated and mostly, which are of great public health concern, and are the cause of Enteric diseases in humans. Bacterial species was more diverse at B t...
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Modeling Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Fundamental Niche in Kenya
Bernard Mungoma Kuloba,
Hein Van Gils,
Iris Van Duren,
Shadrack Muvui Muya,
Shadrack Mumo Ngene
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
317-330
Received:
29 September 2015
Accepted:
13 October 2015
Published:
17 November 2015
Abstract: The cheetah is currently recognized by IUCN as a threatened species. Kenya is one of country with significant cheetah population in the world though it fundamental niche is not well known. Wildlife can live in an area only if basic resources such as food, water, and cover are present and if the species is adapted in ways that allow them to cope with the climatic extremes, selection involves several levels of discrimination and spatial scales and a number of potentially interacting factors. This study was to model cheetah fundamental niche using suitable environmental predictors and evaluates suitability of current protected area coverage in its conservation. Two types of model input data used were cheetah occurrence locations and a suite of environmental variables thought to have a direct physiological role in limiting the ability of the species to survive. The species occurrence records and environmental variables were entered into a MaxEnt model which uses maximum entropy algorithm to identify environmental conditions that are associated with species occurrence. Ideal fundamental niche for cheetah were found to be localities within an elevation range of 1600-2100 meters above sea level, receiving mean annual precipitation of 800 mm, with the warmest quarter of the year receiving 250 mm, the wettest month receiving 120 mm, precipitation of coldest quarter 10 mm and temperature seasonality ranges of 150°. Cheetah fundamental niche run across protected areas and for effective conservation, Results could be used to direct conservation effort go beyond parks and reserves by encouraging community conservancies and development of ecological corridors. Protected area planning could benefit too from these results.
Abstract: The cheetah is currently recognized by IUCN as a threatened species. Kenya is one of country with significant cheetah population in the world though it fundamental niche is not well known. Wildlife can live in an area only if basic resources such as food, water, and cover are present and if the species is adapted in ways that allow them to cope wit...
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Characterization on PM2.5/PM10 During Winter Period in Guangzhou, China
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
331-333
Received:
18 November 2015
Published:
18 November 2015
Abstract: With the rapid economic development and urbanization over the past several decades, air pollution and degradation of visibility are common in Guangzhou, especially in winter. Our objective is to generalize the variation characteristic of PM2.5 and PM10 during winter period in Guangzhou and provide some theoretical evidence for the government and the relevant administration to defend PM2.5 and PM10. This article collects the concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 in the area of Guangzhou from 2014.11-2015.1 (the winter period), and the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 were (55.01±78.19)ug/m3 and (78.34±101.76) ug/m3, respectively. The mean ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 was 70.59% and the PM2.5/PM10 value ranges from 54.61% to 94.37%, indicating that fine particle (PM2.5) occupy high proportion in the PM10. In addition, PM2.5 has a good linear relationship with PM10. All evidence provides us conclusions that fine particle has a higher proportion in the atmospheric aerosol, and make a major contribution in the air environmental pollution.
Abstract: With the rapid economic development and urbanization over the past several decades, air pollution and degradation of visibility are common in Guangzhou, especially in winter. Our objective is to generalize the variation characteristic of PM2.5 and PM10 during winter period in Guangzhou and provide some theoretical evidence for the government and th...
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Water Environment Early Warning in China Ningxia Section of the Yellow River Based on WASP Model
Feng Jing,
Sun Zhanchao,
He Chengmin
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
334-340
Received:
18 November 2015
Published:
18 November 2015
Abstract: Ningxia is the severe water shortage in one of the China’s provinces, the Yellow River as the main surface water in Ningxia, since the 90s of last century, water flow in upstream of the Yellow River have been decreasing, and with the advance of "One Belt One Road" conception, the rapid economic and social development in Ningxia, and water environment issues have become increasingly prominent, which seriously restrict the sustainable development of this area. In this paper, WASP model was used to simulate the Ningxia section of the Yellow River water quality, mainly on the water quality monitoring data in 2011 as the current year for simulation of early warning, and considered under the condition of different inflow and water quality improvement the Yellow River water quality early warning. The analysis found that the water quality of the Yellow River is mainly affected by the concentration of the drain, actual the water flow in upstream of the Yellow River has little influence on the water quality.
Abstract: Ningxia is the severe water shortage in one of the China’s provinces, the Yellow River as the main surface water in Ningxia, since the 90s of last century, water flow in upstream of the Yellow River have been decreasing, and with the advance of "One Belt One Road" conception, the rapid economic and social development in Ningxia, and water environme...
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Estimation of NH3-N Pollution Load and Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Characteristics in Ningxia, China, the Yellow River
Sun Zhanchao,
Feng Jing,
Qian Hui
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
341-346
Received:
22 November 2015
Published:
24 November 2015
Abstract: In this paper, a new method of load estimation is used to estimate the pollution load of the three sections of Ningxia, China, the Yellow River section. The characteristic load method is used to analyze the NH3-N pollution load. According to the estimation results of pollutant load, we find the space-time characteristics of NH3-N pollution. We hope that it can provide theoretical basis and help for the comprehensive management of pollution in the Yellow River in Ningxia province, China.
Abstract: In this paper, a new method of load estimation is used to estimate the pollution load of the three sections of Ningxia, China, the Yellow River section. The characteristic load method is used to analyze the NH3-N pollution load. According to the estimation results of pollutant load, we find the space-time characteristics of NH3-N pollution. We hope...
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Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Optimize the MSW Classification Schemes, Pudong, China
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
347-350
Received:
1 December 2015
Published:
1 December 2015
Abstract: In recent years, municipal solid waste management has bacame increasingly important in urban management, and waste classification is one of the very important parts in the waste management. Exactly how garbage classification and classification to what extent are the major problems in China to promote garbage classification and comprehensively promot policies faced. In this paper, we use life cycle assessment (Life Cycle Assessment, LCA) to assess the potential environmental impact of the four possible classification schemes, that source rough classification, the source of the general classification, the source detailed classification and fine classification source. Pudong New Area is in each case, and three indicators assessed: for the greenhouse effect (Global Warming, GW), acidified (Acidification) and eutrophication (Eutrophication). The results show that shame 3 is the optimal solution for the environment; followed by 2 and 4 programs; shame 1 is the worst environmental benefit program.
Abstract: In recent years, municipal solid waste management has bacame increasingly important in urban management, and waste classification is one of the very important parts in the waste management. Exactly how garbage classification and classification to what extent are the major problems in China to promote garbage classification and comprehensively promo...
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The Analysis of Drought Conditions in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, China Based on the SPI Index
Lin Tao,
Du Jin-li,
Qian Hui
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
351-356
Received:
30 November 2015
Published:
1 December 2015
Abstract: Based on the rainfall data of nearly 60 years in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, China (the following abbreviated as tongchuan) the author makes a detailed study of the precipitation data in Tongchuan since the 21st century by a detailed study. the author makes a detailed study of the precipitation data in Tongchuan since the 21st century by a detailed study.In other words, the author researches standardized precipitation index in every year and reason in Tongchuan,in order to analyze standardized precipitation index and drought intensity in different years and season. The main conclusions were as follows:(1)in the past 60 years throughout a downward trend and change tendency rate was -4.2831mm/10a.(2)The drought conditions in the Tongchuan city has gradually increased since the 21st century, especially in recent years, the intensity of drought in winter has been increase slowly.
Abstract: Based on the rainfall data of nearly 60 years in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, China (the following abbreviated as tongchuan) the author makes a detailed study of the precipitation data in Tongchuan since the 21st century by a detailed study. the author makes a detailed study of the precipitation data in Tongchuan since the 21st century by a de...
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Research on Ecological Environment Stress Effect of the Urbanization Process in Xianning, Hubei Province, China
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
357-363
Received:
1 December 2015
Published:
1 December 2015
Abstract: With the rapid development of urban economy and the rapid increase of city population, the ecological environment stress effect of the urbanization process is increasingly prominent. The article is based on 2007-2012 statistical yearbook of Xianning City, Hubei Province, China, and two subsystems of urbanization development and ecological environment are estabilished respectively. The principal components analysis (PAC) is taken to determine the comprehensive level of both systems, and to determine the relative changes during these years by comparing the comprehensive level of them. Regression analysis method is used to calculate the related indices between urbanization rate and ecological environment, such as discharge amount of sewage, production of solid wasted and amount of exhaust emission, and to explore the urbanization concrete stress effect on the ecological environment, namely the concrete stress effect of urbanization development on the water environment, soil environment and atmospheric environment. Results show that there is linear correlation between urbanization rate and ecological environment. The increase of urbanization rate brings seriously negative impact on ecological environment. And based on this, the article makes some scientific suggestions for the coordinate development between urbanization process and ecological environment.
Abstract: With the rapid development of urban economy and the rapid increase of city population, the ecological environment stress effect of the urbanization process is increasingly prominent. The article is based on 2007-2012 statistical yearbook of Xianning City, Hubei Province, China, and two subsystems of urbanization development and ecological environme...
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Spatial Variation of Soil Available Phosphorous in the Dal Lake Catchment of Lesser Himalayas
Mushtaq A. Wani,
Zahid M. Wani
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
364-372
Received:
3 December 2015
Published:
3 December 2015
Abstract: The study attempts to evaluate the spatial pattern of soil available phosphorus, and its availability with respect to various factors including elevation, slope and landuse using statistical methods and GIS spatial analysis techniques. The results showed that the Ordinary Kriging Spherical method performed the best in the prediction of soil available phosphorus in the Dal Lake catchment. The spatial variation of soil available phosphorus was high in Dal Lake catchment and the upstream regions around Dal Lake, including the north of Dal Lake, had the highest soil available phosphorus content. The mean and standard deviation of soil available phosphorus content gradually decreased as the slope increased. The cultivated land comprised 24.36% of the catchment and out of that land 50.81% belonged to the medium to very high SAP level classes, and it played a major role in SAP availability within the catchment and a potential source of phosphorus to Dal Lake resulting in eutrophication. Among land use types, paddy fields have some of the highest maximum values and variation of coefficients. Sub watershed scale soil available phosphorus was significantly affected by elevation, slope and landuse and was decided by not only these environmental factors but also some other factors such as artificial phosphorus fertilizer application.
Abstract: The study attempts to evaluate the spatial pattern of soil available phosphorus, and its availability with respect to various factors including elevation, slope and landuse using statistical methods and GIS spatial analysis techniques. The results showed that the Ordinary Kriging Spherical method performed the best in the prediction of soil availab...
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Development of Anti-fouling Coating Using in Marine Environment
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
373-376
Received:
3 December 2015
Published:
3 December 2015
Abstract: The marine organism attaching to the ship hull would slow down the ship and increasing fuel consumption. In order to prevent the problem, anti-fouling paints are used to coat the bottoms of ships. At the same time, the harmful environmental effects of these paints such as tributyltin have been recognized. The International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships was adopted by the IMO in 2001 to prohibit the use of harmful organotins in anti-fouling paints used on ships. As the invention entered into force internationally, the most important work is to develop new material to replace the traditional coating. In this work, we summarize the development of anti-fouling paints all over the world and introduce the progress of the latest research.
Abstract: The marine organism attaching to the ship hull would slow down the ship and increasing fuel consumption. In order to prevent the problem, anti-fouling paints are used to coat the bottoms of ships. At the same time, the harmful environmental effects of these paints such as tributyltin have been recognized. The International Convention on the Control...
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