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Effect of Environmental Pollution on Oxidative Stress in African Catfish (Clarias heterobranchus)
Achuba Fidelis Ifeakachuku,
Ebokaiwe Peter,
Peretiemo-Clarke Beatrice O.
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
297-301
Received:
5 November 2014
Accepted:
13 November 2014
Published:
17 November 2014
Abstract: Oxidative stress biomarkers: levels of Lipid peroxidation as well as changes in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were investigated in tissues of African catfish, C heterobranchus inhabiting Warri River. Data were compared to those of reference hatchery. Lipid peroxidation products in fish from the midstream and downstream parts of the river were significantly (P < 0.05) different from fish collected from upstream. Similarly, lipid peroxidation products in tissues of fish from midstream and downstream parts of the river were significantly (P<0.05) different from fish in the reference hatchery. No significant difference was observed between fish in the upper part of the river and those from reference hatchery. Similar to lipid peroxidation, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxde dismutases (SOD) were significantly (P < 0.05) different in fish from midstream and down stream parts of the river compared to fish collected from upstream and reference hatchery. The elevated levels of lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in all tissues examined in C heterobranchus could be a reflection of oxidative stress on the fish.
Abstract: Oxidative stress biomarkers: levels of Lipid peroxidation as well as changes in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were investigated in tissues of African catfish, C heterobranchus inhabiting Warri River. Data were compared to those of reference hatchery. Lipid peroxidation products in fish from the midstream and downstream parts of the r...
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The New Large Database of the Russian Bottom Trawl Surveys in the Far Eastern Seas and the North Pacific Ocean in 1977-2010
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
302-312
Received:
26 October 2014
Accepted:
15 November 2014
Published:
18 November 2014
Abstract: The new large database (DB) is considered: the history of its development, sources and the volume of the information contained therein, the first experience of operating it and its prospects; the advantages and disadvantages of this DB are discussed; its role in applied (bioresource) and fundamental researches is highlighted; the DB role in the context of the Concept of information support of the fisheries researches of the Far Eastern seas of Russia and the Comprehensive program of environmental safety of Russia is pointed out, as well as the necessity to continue works on its regular updating and filling with the up-to-date data.
Abstract: The new large database (DB) is considered: the history of its development, sources and the volume of the information contained therein, the first experience of operating it and its prospects; the advantages and disadvantages of this DB are discussed; its role in applied (bioresource) and fundamental researches is highlighted; the DB role in the con...
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Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Soil, Tomatoes and Selected Vegetables from Lushoto District-Tanzania
Lugwisha Esther Hellen,
Othman Chande Othman
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
313-319
Received:
4 November 2014
Accepted:
13 November 2014
Published:
20 November 2014
Abstract: This study involved the determination of heavy metals of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis L.), carrot root (Daucus carota L.), tomato fruit (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), onion bulb (Allium cepa L.) and leafy cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata L.) and the respective soils from Lushoto District, Tanzania. Samples were collected from eight growing sites. The accumulated heavy metals were quantified and the levels compared to the FAO/WHO CODEX-STAN 179:2003 and TZS 972:2007 contamination limits for such produce. The methodology involved random sampling, extraction of the metals from the vegetable and soil and determination of heavy metals by using ICP-OES and GFAAS. The levels of Cu in all vegetables were below the FAO/WHO limit while levels of Cr and Zn in all vegetables were found to be above this limit therefore advocating a health risk for consumers. Pb was only found in carrots at 2 sites (Montisory and Resource centre) and in onions at the market all at levels above the FAO/WHO limit while Cd was only found in onions and tomatoes at 2 sites (market and Montisory) at above the FAO/WHO limits. Vegetables especially onions from the Mlalo market advocate a health risk to consumers. Levels of heavy metals in the soils were below the limits of the Tanzanian standard (TZS 972: 2007) and were lower than levels found in vegetables. However, the bioconcentration factor for Cr, Pb, Cd and Zn in all vegetables and tomatoes where they were detected except for cabbages at the Garage site were found to be above 1, an indication of high uptake of heavy metals in the vegetables from the soil. Cu at 80% of the sites had a BCF lower than 1 indicating that Cu was more abundant in the soil compared to the vegetables. These results suggest that these vegetables from Lushoto district are not safe for consumption in their raw state.
Abstract: This study involved the determination of heavy metals of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis L.), carrot root (Daucus carota L.), tomato fruit (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), onion bulb (Allium cepa L.) and leafy cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata L.) and the respective soils from Lushoto District, Tanza...
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A Study on the Characterization of Deposited Dust on HVAC Ducts in Subway Stations
Joonsig Jung,
Duckshin Park,
Soon-Bark Kwon,
Sungho Choi,
Seongmi Kim,
Wooseok Lee,
Hyungjin Jeon
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
320-327
Received:
16 November 2014
Accepted:
21 November 2014
Published:
27 November 2014
Abstract: This study used various methods to evaluate duct cleanliness and identify the levels of deposited dust in the HVAC systems of subway stations, as well as identifying the characteristics of the pollution sources at the stations. Levels of deposited dust were determined in two subway stations in Seoul from September 2011 to January 2012. The levels of dust deposited on ducts of the stations were measured by visual inspection, the quantitative vacuum test (VT), and the deposit thickness test (DTT). The VT results confirmed that no subway station exceeded a dust deposit of 1.0 g/㎡, which is the recommended surface contamination limit when using the VT method. However, in some supply ducts, the thickness of the dust layer exceeded 60.0㎛, the recommended surface contamination limit when using the DTT method. The visual inspection indicated that platform pollution in subway station A was higher than in the HVAC and waiting rooms, but the difference was insignificant (p = 0.852). At subway station B, the waiting room had a slightly higher level of deposited dust, but the difference was insignificant (p = 0.438). The inspected areas were divided into HVAC rooms, return lines, and supply lines according to ventilation type. Although all three inspections revealed that return lines had the highest levels of deposited dust, the difference was insignificant. The correlation between the results of the visual inspection and VT methods, and between the results of visual inspection and DTT methods were both significant (p >0.01) with r = 0.815 and 0.818, respectively. It was confirmed that the results of a qualitative visual inspection method corresponded relatively well with the results of the quantitative VT and DTT methods. Analyses of eight heavy metals in the HVAC systems of the subway stations indicated that the inclusion ratios of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and magnesium (Mg) were 80.75–93.6%, 2.94–15.64%, and 1.63–1.82%, respectively. Traces of other heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Cr) were also detected.
Abstract: This study used various methods to evaluate duct cleanliness and identify the levels of deposited dust in the HVAC systems of subway stations, as well as identifying the characteristics of the pollution sources at the stations. Levels of deposited dust were determined in two subway stations in Seoul from September 2011 to January 2012. The levels o...
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Quantitative Analysis of Mercury Burden in Waste Water Released from Hospital in Jhansi, U.P.
Bhupinder Kaur,
Rishi Kumar Saxena,
Ranmeet Kaur
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
328-332
Received:
21 November 2014
Accepted:
28 November 2014
Published:
2 December 2014
Abstract: The sources of mercury in hospital wastewaters include potable water supply, medical equipment breakage, laboratory chemicals, medicinal wastes, amalgam from dental clinics, human amalgam and dietary waste retained in wastewater sumps and traps. Cleaning products used in hospitals may contain trace mercury levels from the caustic soda used in production of soap or from chemicals that may contain traces of mercury as an impurity. This Study assesses the mercury content in hospital waste water from the hospital in Jhansi City. Samples were collected from three different sites during different season and were analyzed quantitatively. The quantity of mercury ranged between 0.100 mg/L to 0.150 mg/L. the higher conc. is found in waste water samples collected from site C which is the disposal site of laboratory, radiology department, operation theatre etc. These finding are higher than agreeable limit of EPA which is 0.002 mg/L. This indicates the contamination of receiving environment due to discharge of mercury in hospital waste water which could harm human and aquatic life. In this study in methods were used for reduction of mercury in hospital waste water. The sulfide precipitation reduced the quantity of mercury from 0.210 mg/L to 0.006 mg/L. By using charcoal, it was found that mercury was reduced from 0.210 mg/L to 0.003 mg/L.
Abstract: The sources of mercury in hospital wastewaters include potable water supply, medical equipment breakage, laboratory chemicals, medicinal wastes, amalgam from dental clinics, human amalgam and dietary waste retained in wastewater sumps and traps. Cleaning products used in hospitals may contain trace mercury levels from the caustic soda used in produ...
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Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment of Granite Quarrying Operations at Ikole-Ekiti, Nigeria
Olufemi Julius Ayodele,
Olubunmi Samuel Shittu,
Temitope Balogun
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
333-339
Received:
25 November 2014
Accepted:
9 December 2014
Published:
19 December 2014
Abstract: The impact of previous operations on the environment was assessed by determining heavy metal contents of soil (topsoil, 0-15 cm and subsoil,15-30 cm) and plant samples taken at 0, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 200 m from an abandoned granite quarry and compared to samples from a control (baseline) location. Fe was the most abundant element in the topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30cm), Cd was below detectable level while other elements were present in the order: Mn>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cu>Co. Fe, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni were highest at 0 m and decreased with distance from the quarry site. The metals showed deficiency to moderate enrichment and low to moderate contamination at some distances but more in the topsoil than in the subsoil such that the Pollution Load Index (PLI) was <1.0 at all points in the topsoil. Fe and Mn were most abundant in all the plants and Aspilia africana contained the highest Pb and Co while Ni was highest in Synedrella nodiflora and Chromolaena odorata. The Transfer Factor, Shoot: Root Quotient and Extraction Coefficient exceeded 1.00 for most of the heavy metals especially at 0 and 10 m. The potential of Chromolaena odorata for Fe accumulation was indicated just as Sida scabrida would be an excluder of Cu.
Abstract: The impact of previous operations on the environment was assessed by determining heavy metal contents of soil (topsoil, 0-15 cm and subsoil,15-30 cm) and plant samples taken at 0, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 200 m from an abandoned granite quarry and compared to samples from a control (baseline) location. Fe was the most abundant element in the topsoil...
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Assessment of Environmental Impact Caused by the Release of Radionuclides in Ilha Grande Bay after an Accident at the Nuclear Power Plant
Aguiar A. S.,
Lamego Simoes Filho F. F.,
Lapa C. M. F.,
Soares A. D.
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
340-346
Received:
26 November 2014
Accepted:
9 December 2014
Published:
19 December 2014
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a postulated accidental release of radionuclides from a nuclear power reactor into the aquatic resources, using an environmental modeling. To achieve that, computational models of hydrodynamics and transport were used to simulate the radionuclides dispersion caused by an accident in a PWR. This exercise was accomplished with the aid of a code system (SisBAHIA) developed at Rio de Janeiro Federal University (COPPE/UFRJ). The nuclear power plant Angra 3 is a reactor that uses pressurized light water as moderator and coolant in the core. Where 431 m³ of soda almost instantaneously was lost. This inventory contained 1.87x1010 Bq/m³ of tritium, 2.22x107 Bq/m³ of cobalt, 3.48x108 Bq/m³ of cesium and 3.44x1010 Bq/m³ of iodine and was released in liquid form near the Itaorna cove, Angra dos Reis – RJ. Applying the model in the proposed scenario [1-2], the simulated dilution of the specific activity of radionuclide spots, reached values much lower than report levels for seawater (1,1x106 Bq/m³, 1,11x104 Bq/m³, 7,40x10² Bq/m³ and 1,85x103 Bq/m³) after 22 hours, respectively for ³H, 60Co, 131I and 137Cs.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a postulated accidental release of radionuclides from a nuclear power reactor into the aquatic resources, using an environmental modeling. To achieve that, computational models of hydrodynamics and transport were used to simulate the radionuclides dispersion caused by an accident in a PWR. This exercise wa...
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Forest Cover Change Detection Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Banja District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Abyot Yismaw,
Birhanu Gedif,
Solomon Addisu,
Ferede Zewudu
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
354-360
Received:
1 December 2014
Accepted:
18 December 2014
Published:
23 December 2014
Abstract: Forest cover change analysis between 1973 and 2003 was conducted in Banja district, Awi zone, Amhara region using remote sensing and geographic information system supported with field verifications. Information was extracted from various Satellite images and different digital maps. The objectives of this study were to detect the extent and rate of forest cover change over the last 30 years. Three dates of Landsat image data of the 1973, 1986 and 2003 were used to produce land cover map in general and forest cover map in particular. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), image differencing and post-classification comparison change detection methods were employed. In addition to this, socioeconomic data were used in explaining the drivers of forest cover changes in the study area. The results showed that during the last 30 years, forest cover declined from 6044ha in 1973 to 2855.9ha in 1986 and 2446.9ha in the year 2003. The annual rate of forest cover change between 1973 and 2003 was 120ha/year. The socioeconomic factors like population growth, the demand for the expansion of agricultural land, fuel wood and construction materials were the major driving forces for the observed forest cover changes. Therefore, in order to reduce the problem of forest cover change, remedial actions are recommended.
Abstract: Forest cover change analysis between 1973 and 2003 was conducted in Banja district, Awi zone, Amhara region using remote sensing and geographic information system supported with field verifications. Information was extracted from various Satellite images and different digital maps. The objectives of this study were to detect the extent and rate of ...
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The Analysis for Heat Island Effect Changes in Guiyang City Base on Remote Sensing
Zhengtong Yin,
Yongkang Zheng
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
361-365
Received:
15 December 2014
Accepted:
27 December 2014
Published:
4 January 2015
Abstract: We selected the Landsat ETM+ remote sensing images of Guiyang city in 2003、2007 and 2011. These images was classified into land use charts and land surface temperature charts using ENVI software, found the changes of heat island effect of Guiyang City in this 8 years, then analyzed the relationship between land surface temperature and land use, The result showed that with the development of city, the heat island effect aggravated, almost all of the lower temperature regions transfer to high grade temperature zone, the low temperature region decline sharply, the medium temperature region has increased, high and higher temperature region increased largely.
Abstract: We selected the Landsat ETM+ remote sensing images of Guiyang city in 2003、2007 and 2011. These images was classified into land use charts and land surface temperature charts using ENVI software, found the changes of heat island effect of Guiyang City in this 8 years, then analyzed the relationship between land surface temperature and land use, The...
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