Review Article
Hormonal Estrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle in Ethiopia: Opportunities, Constraints and Strategies for Improved Reproductive Efficiency: Review
Lensa Urgesa*
,
Jiayu Yang
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
1-7
Received:
10 December 2025
Accepted:
22 December 2025
Published:
16 January 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijfsb.20261101.11
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Hormonal estrus synchronization has emerged as a central reproductive technology in Ethiopia’s dairy sector, chiefly in the context of rapid growth in urban and peri-urban dairying and the national push toward genetic improvement through artificial insemination (AI). The technology enables strategic control of the estrous cycle, improves breeding efficiency, enhances the use of superior breeds and increases calving rates in smallholder and commercial dairy systems. Despite its potential, adoption remains low and performance inconsistent due to management, technical, infrastructural, and socio-economic challenges. Several synchronization protocols including Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) based programs, progesterone-releasing devices, Ovsynch and its modifications and combined hormonal regimens have been implemented in national programs such as Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), the National Artificial Insemination Program, the OIE/FAO-supported projects, and regional extension packages. However, conception rates are highly variable, ranging from 20–55%, largely influenced by body condition, nutrition, heat detection efficiency, protocol adherence, AI technician skill, breed differences, season, and postpartum reproductive disorders. The opportunities created by increasing demand for dairy products, improved extension platforms and expanding private veterinary services contrast sharply with challenges such as inadequate awareness, drug shortages, limited technical capacity and the absence of structured monitoring systems. This review synthesizes existing evidence on hormonal estrus synchronization in Ethiopian dairy cattle, highlighting protocols used, success rates, constraints, opportunities and strategic recommendations for enhanced adoption and performance. Such understanding is crucial for designing sustainable reproductive interventions and strengthening Ethiopia’s dairy value chain.
Abstract: Hormonal estrus synchronization has emerged as a central reproductive technology in Ethiopia’s dairy sector, chiefly in the context of rapid growth in urban and peri-urban dairying and the national push toward genetic improvement through artificial insemination (AI). The technology enables strategic control of the estrous cycle, improves breeding e...
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