Research Article
Review of Tongkonan Mario Ornaments in the Sao Mario Batu-Batu Traditional House Area Soppeng District
Bakhrani Abdul Rauf,
Mithen Lullulangi*
,
Rahmansah,
Dwi Wahyuni Aprianti
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
192-202
Received:
24 August 2025
Accepted:
8 September 2025
Published:
9 October 2025
Abstract: This study aims to determine the ornaments in Tongkonan Mario. The location of the study is in Batu-Batu Soppeng. The type of research is qualitative. Data collection techniques: Primary data is obtained through observation, Secondary data comes from literature studies, books, articles, and the internet. Data collection steps: 1) inventorying all existing ornaments in Tongkonan Mario, 2) identifying the symbolic meaning of each ornament in the Tongkonan Mario traditional house. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively, with the following steps: Data collection, Data presentation, data reduction, and drawing conclusions. Results of the study show that: Ornaments on Tongkonan Mario are as follows: 1) Ornaments in the form of Statues and Structures, consisting of: a) Kabongo' a symbol of nobility, b) Katik a symbol of nobility and leadership, and c) Tulak Somba a symbol of warding off disaster, d) Andiri Posi' a symbol of the unity of Tongkonan with the Earth. 2) Ornaments in the form of carvings, consisting of four main types of carvings, namely: a) Barre Allo Carving, a symbol of Divinity, a symbol of nobility and greatness, and a symbol of the unity of the Toraja region with the term "Tondok Lepongan Bulan Tana Matarik Allo" (Toraja region that is round like the moon and sun). b) Pa'manuk Londong Carving, a symbol of courage and leadership, and a symbol of protection for the family and community, and a symbol of customary law. c) Pa'tedong Carving, a symbol of welfare and prosperity. d) Pa'sussuk Carving is not found on Tongkonan Mario. In addition, there are 63 other types of carvings which are complementary carvings, each with its own symbolic meaning as a guide for the community, especially for Tongkonan owners.
Abstract: This study aims to determine the ornaments in Tongkonan Mario. The location of the study is in Batu-Batu Soppeng. The type of research is qualitative. Data collection techniques: Primary data is obtained through observation, Secondary data comes from literature studies, books, articles, and the internet. Data collection steps: 1) inventorying all e...
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Research Article
Optimising Window Performance for Natural Lighting and Ventilation in Bauchi State Lecture Theatres
Abdullahi Yusuf*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
203-212
Received:
25 October 2025
Accepted:
10 November 2025
Published:
17 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijaaa.20251104.12
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Abstract: Lecture theatres are contributors of high energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases in Nigeria’s public institution. This consumption of this excess energy came as a result of lightening and ventilating the lecture theatres through conventional means. Therefore, the need to optimise window performance for natural lighting and ventilation in the lecture theatres has become necessary in order to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gases emission in the environment. The study is aimed at assessing window performance towards the provision of natural lighting and ventilation in lecture theatres within Bauchi state public institutions of learning. Lecture theatres in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic (ATAP), Federal Polytechnic Bauchi (FPTB), and Sa’adu Zungur University (SAZU) were sampled out of the numerous learning institutions in the state. The purpose of the study is to reduce the excessive use of non-green energy and the CO2 emissions associated to the building energy consumption in the lecture theatres. The window performance was assessed through accessing the occupants’ perception in the provision of natural lighting and ventilation. Interviews, observation and questionnaires were used to assess their comfort level with natural ventilation and their satisfaction with natural lighting. The results from the study area identified that, the more occupants of the lecture theatres gets comfortable with window performance in the provision of natural ventilation, the more satisfied they become with the window performance in the provision of natural lighting. In conclusion the study recommends the integration of occupants’ perception in the design of lecture theatres and a design model for building professionals that will effectively optimise energy efficiency in lecture theatres.
Abstract: Lecture theatres are contributors of high energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases in Nigeria’s public institution. This consumption of this excess energy came as a result of lightening and ventilating the lecture theatres through conventional means. Therefore, the need to optimise window performance for natural lighting and ventilat...
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