Research Article
Fungal Diseases of the Paranasal Sinuses
Arsen Koshtoyan,
Vilen Azizyan,
Lyusi Petrosyan*,
Yuri Ghukasyan,
Avetis Kirakosyan
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 1, June 2026
Pages:
1-7
Received:
17 January 2026
Accepted:
31 January 2026
Published:
11 February 2026
Abstract: Fungal rhinosinusitis comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, ranging from non-invasive colonization to rapidly progressive, life-threatening invasive infections. The clinical course and prognosis largely depend on the host immune status and the presence of tissue invasion, with invasive forms posing a high risk of orbital and intracranial complications. In recent years, the incidence of fungal rhinosinusitis has increased, likely due to improved diagnostic modalities, wider use of endoscopy, and a growing population of immunocompromised patients, including those with diabetes mellitus and post-COVID-19 conditions. This article provides a comprehensive review of fungal rhinosinusitis, focusing on current classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and management principles. According to histopathological criteria, fungal rhinosinusitis is classified into non-invasive forms (saprophytic colonization, fungal ball, and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis) and invasive forms (acute invasive, chronic invasive, and granulomatous invasive fungal rhinosinusitis). Non-invasive disease typically affects immunocompetent individuals and is characterized by localized fungal accumulation or hypersensitivity reactions without tissue invasion, whereas invasive forms predominantly occur in immunocompromised patients and are associated with angioinvasion, tissue necrosis, and bone destruction. Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical evaluation, endoscopic findings, radiologic imaging, and definitive histopathological confirmation. Computed tomography plays a key role in identifying hyperdense fungal material and bony changes, while magnetic resonance imaging is essential for assessing soft-tissue involvement and extrasinus extension. Management strategies vary according to disease type and include surgical intervention, systemic antifungal therapy, and correction of underlying predisposing factors. A clinical case of isolated sphenoid fungal rhinosinusitis with optic nerve compression is presented, illustrating the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic considerations. Successful treatment was achieved with endoscopic transnasal sphenoidotomy, followed by close postoperative surveillance. This case highlights the importance of early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and individualized management to prevent irreversible complications and ensure favorable outcomes.
Abstract: Fungal rhinosinusitis comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, ranging from non-invasive colonization to rapidly progressive, life-threatening invasive infections. The clinical course and prognosis largely depend on the host immune status and the presence of tissue invasion, with invasive forms p...
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Case Report
Preventive Strategies for Otitis Media in Low-Income Urban Contexts: A Case Study from Somalia
Ibrahim Abdullahi Ali*
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 1, June 2026
Pages:
8-13
Received:
18 September 2025
Accepted:
29 September 2025
Published:
27 February 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijo.20261201.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Background: Otitis media (OM) is a leading cause of preventable hearing loss in children globally, with a particularly high burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In urban areas of Somalia, OM prevalence is exacerbated by overcrowded living conditions, inadequate sanitation, low immunisation coverage, and limited access to healthcare. Despite this burden, little is known about context-specific strategies for OM prevention in fragile and low-resource urban environments. This study aimed to explore community-informed, feasible interventions for the prevention and early management of OM in Somali urban schoolchildren. Methods: A qualitative case study approach was employed, nested within a larger cross-sectional epidemiological study. Data were collected in three major Somali cities—Mogadishu, Hargeisa, and Bosaso—between March and June 2024. Fifteen key informants were purposively selected, including healthcare providers (n=6), school staff (n=5), and caregivers (n=4). Semi-structured interviews explored awareness of OM, barriers to prevention, and recommendations for school, clinic, and community-based interventions. Field observations in schools and clinics complemented interview data. Transcripts were coded and thematically analysed using NVivo software. Triangulation and member checking enhanced credibility. Results: Three key domains of intervention emerged: healthcare, school, and community. In the healthcare setting, barriers included irregular vaccine supply, lack of otoscopic equipment, and limited training among frontline staff. Participants stressed the need for integrated OM screening in routine child health services and capacity-building for community health workers. Schools were identified as underutilised platforms for early detection, with strong support among teachers for basic training in ear health and classroom-based awareness campaigns. Community-level challenges included poor sanitation, high exposure to indoor smoke, and early cessation of breastfeeding. Participants recommended culturally tailored education campaigns using trusted platforms such as mosques, women’s associations, and radio broadcasts. Conclusions: Preventing OM in Somali urban contexts requires a multi-level, community-engaged approach. Strengthening vaccine delivery, training frontline workers, integrating OM education into school health programmes, and leveraging community networks are essential strategies. The findings offer a practical framework for policymakers and health planners seeking to reduce OM burden and improve child health outcomes in similarly constrained LMIC settings.
Abstract: Background: Otitis media (OM) is a leading cause of preventable hearing loss in children globally, with a particularly high burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In urban areas of Somalia, OM prevalence is exacerbated by overcrowded living conditions, inadequate sanitation, low immunisation coverage, and limited access to healthcare. ...
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