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Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Tick Species Infesting Cattle in Nocturnal and Daytime Systems of Livestock in the Far North Region, Cameroon
Maïlaïso Marie Thérèse,
Saotoing Pierre,
Mamoudou Abdoulmoumini,
Moussa Djaouda,
Poueme Namegni Rodrigue Simonet,
Simon Dickmu,
Meke Christian,
Abah Samuel,
Bayang Houli Nicolas
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
47-56
Received:
19 June 2021
Accepted:
5 July 2021
Published:
19 July 2021
Abstract: Diseases transmitted by ticks constitute a threat to cattle in Cameroon, Far North Region. The objective of this study was to identify ticks and to determine the structure and seasonal variation of tick communities infesting cattle in two types of farming in the Far North Region of Cameroon. Investigation on cattle were conducted from August 2018 to July 2019. Thus, ticks were collected monthly from 108 cattle in three districts (Bogo, Pétté, Kalfou). A total of 13151 adult ticks were collected. Identification revealed the presence of six tick species belonging to three genera whose relative abundance varied according to the different tick species: Amblyomma variegatum (39.88%), Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (33.43%), Hyalomma truncatum (14.70%); Hyalomma impeltatum (9.88%); Boophilus decoloratus (1.58%); Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0.51%). Ticks were most abundant at the beginning of the rainy season (June-July) and least abundant during the dry season (October-April). There was no significant difference between the abundance of different tick species in the two farming systems. Older animals and females were the most infested with ticks. The most infested parts by ticks were udders and testicles (40.08%), anal region (18.04%), legs and armpits (13.27%) and chest (13.96%). This study can help in improving of appropriate strategies for the control of ticks infestation in cattle.
Abstract: Diseases transmitted by ticks constitute a threat to cattle in Cameroon, Far North Region. The objective of this study was to identify ticks and to determine the structure and seasonal variation of tick communities infesting cattle in two types of farming in the Far North Region of Cameroon. Investigation on cattle were conducted from August 2018 t...
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Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study
Auleria Ajiambo Apopo,
Jane Ngaira,
Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti,
Henry Athiany,
Yatinder Binepal,
Leonard Ateya
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
57-69
Received:
13 July 2021
Accepted:
26 July 2021
Published:
2 August 2021
Abstract: Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.
Abstract: Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the dis...
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Evaluation of Oats (Avena sativa) Varieties for Adaptability Performances and Their Nutritional Value in the Highland of Masha, South West Ethiopia
Gezahegn Mengistu,
Dereje Tulu,
Melkam Aleme,
Ararsa Bogale,
Mulisa Faji
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
70-74
Received:
12 August 2021
Accepted:
25 August 2021
Published:
4 September 2021
Abstract: In Ethiopia, feed is the major production inputs that affect the production and productivity of animal. In this regard, One of the possible option to alleviate feed shortage is introduction and utilization of improved forage crops for the given production system. The study was conducted on 11 oat varieties during 2017 and 2018 main cropping season at Masha highland of south-western Ethiopia to evaluate their adaptability and identify high dry matter yield and good nutritional quality producing oat varieties for highland agro-ecological areas of south-west Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design replicated three times. Data were taken for days to 50% flowering, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, dry matter yield, grain yield and their nutritional contents. The data were analyzed using the general linear model procedures of SAS and the least significance difference was used for mean separation. The result of the combined analysis indicated that most of the agronomic traits were significantly (p<0.01) affected by varieties. The mean leaf to stem ratio of 79AB3849Tx) (80SA95) had the highest value (1.5) followed by PI-1706 (1.4). The tested oat varieties show significantly (p<0.01) different among varieties in their dry matter yield. Among the evaluated oat varieties, PI-1706 gave the highest dry matter yield (12.7 ton/ha) followed by 79AB3849Tx) (80SA9) (12.0 ton/ha) whereas Clintland60MN16016 gave the lowest (5.4 ton/ha) dry matter yield. The result of grain yield of these two varieties were consistent with dry matter yield. Based on the chemical compositions, PI-1706, KY7078394Canada and 79AB3849Tx) (80SA95) were the best varieties in their crude protein contents. Thus, from the results of the present study it can be concluded that PI-1706, 79AB3849Tx) (80SA95) and KY7078394Canada were best adapted and high yielder oat varieties and can be demonstrated on farm condition for wider use in the highlands of Bench-maji and Masha areas and in similar agro-ecological zones of south-western Ethiopia.
Abstract: In Ethiopia, feed is the major production inputs that affect the production and productivity of animal. In this regard, One of the possible option to alleviate feed shortage is introduction and utilization of improved forage crops for the given production system. The study was conducted on 11 oat varieties during 2017 and 2018 main cropping season ...
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To the Found of New North Ossetia’s Population of Greek Clouded Yellow (Colias aurorina Herrich-Schäffer, 1850)
Vitaly Dobronosov,
Ruslan Tavasiev
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
75-78
Received:
20 July 2021
Accepted:
11 August 2021
Published:
16 September 2021
Abstract: Greek Clouded Yellow is a rare and endangered species of butterflies, previously listed and now proposed for listing in the Red Book of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The species is also listed in IUCN Red List and Red Books of the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria. Earlier in the republic there were two populations of Greek Clouded Yellow reliably established. During field research in May-July 2021 in the vicinity of the village of Ksurta on the territory of the Sadono-Unalskaya semiarid intermountain depression, a previously unknown habitat of Greek Clouded Yellow was found. It is used the reference practical standard of entomological material’s collecting and registration, of visual observations and images taken with digital cameras. Geographical coordinates and absolute heights were measured by means of the GPS navigator. Determination of butterflies was carried out on external diagnostic signs. The method of relative accounting of butterflies based on records on the route per unit of time was applied. In the period 30.05-03.07.2021, occurrence indicates the multiplicity of the specimens in this habitat. The identified habitat is 2.3 km northwest of the previously known Unal habitat. These lands are used by the local population as pastures for cattle and horses and the slopes were intensively trampled and covered with a dense network of paths. The discovered population gives hope for the preservation of this species in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.
Abstract: Greek Clouded Yellow is a rare and endangered species of butterflies, previously listed and now proposed for listing in the Red Book of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The species is also listed in IUCN Red List and Red Books of the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria. Earlier in the rep...
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Hearing Toxicity Induced by Tripterygium Glycosides in Zebrafish
Huifang Xu,
Xuxia Tang,
Jingjing Chen,
Ya Shi,
Jun Liu,
Shengya Guo,
Jiali Zhou,
Chunqi Li,
Jing He Zhou
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
79-86
Received:
2 September 2021
Accepted:
22 September 2021
Published:
30 September 2021
Abstract: Tripterygium glycosides (TG) is isolated from an extensively used traditional Chinese medicine herb tripterygium roots and has been extensively used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, nephrotic syndrome, hyperthyroidism and other diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Hearing toxicity has been recently associated with TG use in human patients. In this study, authors assessed hearing toxicity and possible molecular toxic mechanisms of TG in a whole animal model. The maximum non-lethal concentration (MNLC) of TG on the zebrafish was 21 mg/L. TG induced zebrafish hair cell loss in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.001), and the saccular otolith size reduction when treated at MNLC (p<0.01). TG treatment resulted in sound-stimulated zebrafish movement reduction (p<0.001); and the rollover zebrafish percentages were elevated as TG treatment concentrations moved up. Following TG treatment, mRNA levels of the zebrafish hearing organ development genes eya1 and val were remarkably downregulated, and the expression of apoptosis-associated genes bax and caspase3 was significantly enhanced (p<0.05). These findings confirm the hearing toxicity of TG and suggest its toxic mechanisms probably are through suppressing hearing cell development and promoting hearing cell apoptosis. Authors recommend zebrafish assay as a quick and reliable screening test of hearing toxicity for drugs and health products.
Abstract: Tripterygium glycosides (TG) is isolated from an extensively used traditional Chinese medicine herb tripterygium roots and has been extensively used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, nephrotic syndrome, hyperthyroidism and other diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Hearing toxicity has been recently associate...
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