Prevalence of Shistosoma haemotobuim Infestation in Children Aged 4 to 15 Years in the Locality of Matta Barrage of Cameroon
Mahamat Tahir Issakha,
Emmanuel Issa,
Abderrazzack Adoum Fouda,
Mariam Saleh Bakaye,
Mahamat Moussa Hassan,
Albert Bayibeki Ngano,
Parfait Awono Ambene,
Essomba René,
René Essomba Ghislain,
Bazga Parfait,
Ali Mhamat Moussa,
Abdelsalam Tidjani,
Yaovi Blaise Ameyapoh
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 5, October 2023
Pages:
72-76
Received:
8 August 2023
Accepted:
8 September 2023
Published:
20 September 2023
Abstract: Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitosis caused by worms (trematodes) of the genus Schistosoma. Infection in humans occurs when parasite larvae, released by freshwater gastropods, enter the skin through contact with infested water. Schistosomiasis is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in poorer communities with no access to drinking water or adequate sanitation. Lack of hygiene and contact with contaminated water make children particularly vulnerable to infection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Shistosoma haemotobuim infestation in children aged 0-4 to 15 years in the locality of Matta-barrage. Microscopy using the sedimentation technique was used to identify Shistosoma haematobuim eggs in collected urine samples. Observation with a binocular magnifying glass was used to assess the cercarial emission rate. Of 155 urine samples analyzed, 69 were positive, representing a prevalence of 44.52%. The rate of Shistosoma haemotobuim cercariae was 21.03%. The prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis is very high in this locality of Matta Barrage, as is the rate of cercarial transmission. A deworming campaign with Praziquantel is more than necessary.
Abstract: Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitosis caused by worms (trematodes) of the genus Schistosoma. Infection in humans occurs when parasite larvae, released by freshwater gastropods, enter the skin through contact with infested water. Schistosomiasis is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in poorer communities w...
Show More
Research Article
The Tool-Dependent Behaviour, Environmental Element Changes, and Psychological Selection: The Origin of the Human Mind
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 5, October 2023
Pages:
77-82
Received:
22 October 2023
Accepted:
15 November 2023
Published:
21 November 2023
Abstract: This study elucidates the interplay between tool-dependent behavior, environmental dynamics, and the emergence of distinctive human traits during evolution. A breakthrough in the tool-dependent behavior of human ancestors was achieved through tool use in defense and predation, such as using stones and sticks as weapons, creating new survival elements from the environment. This study compares humans’ tool-dependent behavior with other animals’ use of tools: one is a unique, risk-taking, and irreversible behavior change, and the other is a universal and risk-averse behavior. We can distinguish the essential difference between the two behaviors from creating new environmental elements or not. Mainly, this creation determined the direction of tool, cultural, and social improvements, generating the essential differences between human and natural environments. It reveals the reasons for the emergence of special human traits: new elements and directional factors in the human environment, including tool and cultural and social improvements, leading to directional changes in human adaptation, such as gradual uprightness, increased brain capacity, and an acquired, complex language system. From an evolutionary psychology perspective, the adaptive relationship between distinctive psychological mechanisms and environmental factors has been confirmed, addressing the creation of our unique human mind: as environmental directional factors benefit specific psychological development, new psychological mechanisms emerge and shape the human mind. Therefore, unique human environmental changes result in the different selection of human characteristics, i e., psychological selection. A unique and directional psychological evolution characterizes human history. This study explains the origin of the human mind emerging from the relationship between tool-dependent behaviour and environmental changes, which is of great significance for correcting existing significant flaws in evolutionary theory.
Abstract: This study elucidates the interplay between tool-dependent behavior, environmental dynamics, and the emergence of distinctive human traits during evolution. A breakthrough in the tool-dependent behavior of human ancestors was achieved through tool use in defense and predation, such as using stones and sticks as weapons, creating new survival elemen...
Show More
