Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment

Soumya Awasthi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11

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Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment

Soumya Awasthi

Published in Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care (Volume 7, Issue 1)

Received: 15 January 2021 Accepted: 17 February 2021 Published: 4 March 2021

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Abstract

With the end of year 2020, the international policy pundits have taken the annual assessment of post Covid-19 scenario across the globe. This paper aims at assessment of the Fragile state of Africa, which has been facing a double-edged sword. Africa has witnessed maximum attacks by the two groups affiliated to ISIS and Al Qaeda as well as significant number of Covid cases. The two most significant terror groups Boko Haram and Al Shabab have taken advantage of the pandemic to challenge the state authorities. Aim of this paper is to review the year 2020 and what has been its impact on the citizens of Africa, it also discusses the impact of natural calamity like locust attack which effects the food supply and demand cycle including its impact on food and nutrition. Due to high impact on the food and grains the grievances amongst the people have raised and this has been used as an opportunity by the non-state actors to attract more and more volunteers to join the group. Therefore, this paper will observe how the religiously inclined terror groups have argued the pandemic and asked its members to use the opportunity to the fullest and reach out to more and more people, carry out more and more attacks and kill as many infidels as possible. Due to such a rapid action and eventful period, it becomes vital to capture the highlights of the year and assess in order to prepare for next such natural disaster. The paper especially focuses on the Sahel Region of Africa.

Published in	Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11
Page(s)	1-6
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sahel Region, Africa, Covid19, Boko Haram, Al Shabab, Food Security, Terrorism, Internally Displaced People (IDP)

References

[1]	United Nations Press Release, Secretary-General Statements and Messages, ' Still Early Days for Pandemic in Africa, stressed Secretary-General, Warning Disruption could Escalate Quickly, on Launch of Covid-19 Policy Brief', United Nations https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sgsm20090.doc.htm (Accessed May 20, 2020).
[2]	Peter Mwai, 'Coronavirus: Africa infections rising sharply in worst-affected countries', BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53181555 (Accessed January 15, 2021).
[3]	OECD, 'Tracking the Coronavirus (COVID-19): West African' Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat Monitoring', http://www.oecd.org/swac/coronavirus-west-africa/ (Accessed January 10, 2021).
[4]	African Centre for the Study & Research on Terrorism, 'Africa Recorded a total of 195 terrorist attacks resulting in a total of 573 deaths', http://caert.org.dz/?p=3263 (Accessed December 29, 2020).
[5]	France 24 news, 'Burkina Faso struggles to tackle terror threat', https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20200424-reporters-burkina-faso-struggles-to-tackle-terror-threat (Accessed May 20, 2020).
[6]	United Nations Secretary General, 'Secretary-General's Appeal for Global Ceasefire', New York, https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2020-03-23/secretary-generals-appeal-for-global-ceasefire (Accessed May 20, 2020).
[7]	Suadad al-Salhy, 'Islamic States's 'Battle of Ramadan' rocks Iraq and stokes fears of resurgence', Middle East Eye, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/islamic-state-iraq-ramadan-battle-insurgence-fears (Accessed May 20, 2020).
[8]	The Jewish Voice, 'Battle of Ramadan: Jihadis kill 584, Injure 587 in Three Weeks of Holy Month', http://thejewishvoice.com/2020/05/battle-of-ramadan-jihadis-kill-584-injure-587-in-three-weeks-of-holy-month/ (Accessed May 22, 2020).
[9]	Beritbart, ''Battle of Ramadan': Jihadis Kill 584, Injure 587 in Three Weeks of Holy Month', https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2020/05/21/battle-of-ramadan-jihadis-kill-584-injure-587-in-three-weeks-of-holy-month/ (Accessed May 21, 2020).
[10]	Sunnah.com, 'Chapter 76 Medicines- Chapter What has been mentioned about the plague', https://sunnah.com/bukhari/76/43 (Accessed May 27, 2020).
[11]	Aymenn Jawad Al- Tamimi, 'Islamic State Advice on Coronavirus Pandemic', http://www.aymennjawad.org/2020/03/islamic-state-advice-on-coronavirus-pandemic (Accessed May 19, 2020).
[12]	Al Naba, 227, March 16, 2020, https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/styles/image_medium/s3/component/image/Al-Naba-ISIS-comm-3103.png?itok=asrkU780 (Accessed May 19, 2020).
[13]	Nick Grono, 'Fragile States and Conflicts', Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/contending-isis-time-coronavirus (Accessed May 18, 2020).
[14]	Jean-Marie Guehenno, 'Global Ceasefire Call Deserves UN Security Council's Full Support', https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/todays-global-security-challenges (Accessed May 20, 2020).
[15]	Giles Gibson, 'Pentagon explores reducing U.S. military presence in West Africa', https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-01-22/Pentagon-explores-reducing-U-S-military-presence-in-West-Africa-NsbKUq836w/index.html (Accessed May 23, 2020).
[16]	The Food Crisis Prevention Network, 'Sahel and West Africa: Food and Nutrition Situation', http://www.food-security.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CH-REGINAL_SAN_slider_2020_EN.gif (Accessed May 20, 2020).
[17]	The Food Crisis Prevention Network, 'Food and Nutrition Crisis 2020', http://www.food-security.net/en/topic/food-and-nutrition-crisis-2020/(Accessed, May 20, 2020).
[18]	Patricia Rodrigues, 'Africa- no easy fix for food security challenges', Control Risks, https://www.controlrisks.com/our-thinking/insights/africa-no-easy-fix-for-food-security-challenges (Accessed May 20, 2020).
[19]	Map of Locust Attack track, Twitter, https://twitter.com/ParveenKaswan/status/1265126766131150848/photo/1 (Accessed May 27, 2020).
[20]	National Security Strategy of the United States of America', The White House, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf (Accessed May 25, 2020).

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APA Style

Soumya Awasthi. (2021). Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment. Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care, 7(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11

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ACS Style

Soumya Awasthi. Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment. J. Fam. Med. Health Care 2021, 7(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11

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AMA Style

Soumya Awasthi. Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment. J Fam Med Health Care. 2021;7(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11,
  author = {Soumya Awasthi},
  title = {Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment},
  journal = {Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfmhc.20210701.11},
  abstract = {With the end of year 2020, the international policy pundits have taken the annual assessment of post Covid-19 scenario across the globe. This paper aims at assessment of the Fragile state of Africa, which has been facing a double-edged sword. Africa has witnessed maximum attacks by the two groups affiliated to ISIS and Al Qaeda as well as significant number of Covid cases. The two most significant terror groups Boko Haram and Al Shabab have taken advantage of the pandemic to challenge the state authorities. Aim of this paper is to review the year 2020 and what has been its impact on the citizens of Africa, it also discusses the impact of natural calamity like locust attack which effects the food supply and demand cycle including its impact on food and nutrition. Due to high impact on the food and grains the grievances amongst the people have raised and this has been used as an opportunity by the non-state actors to attract more and more volunteers to join the group. Therefore, this paper will observe how the religiously inclined terror groups have argued the pandemic and asked its members to use the opportunity to the fullest and reach out to more and more people, carry out more and more attacks and kill as many infidels as possible. Due to such a rapid action and eventful period, it becomes vital to capture the highlights of the year and assess in order to prepare for next such natural disaster. The paper especially focuses on the Sahel Region of Africa.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment
AU  - Soumya Awasthi
Y1  - 2021/03/04
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11
T2  - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
JF  - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
JO  - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
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PB  - Science Publishing Group
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AB  - With the end of year 2020, the international policy pundits have taken the annual assessment of post Covid-19 scenario across the globe. This paper aims at assessment of the Fragile state of Africa, which has been facing a double-edged sword. Africa has witnessed maximum attacks by the two groups affiliated to ISIS and Al Qaeda as well as significant number of Covid cases. The two most significant terror groups Boko Haram and Al Shabab have taken advantage of the pandemic to challenge the state authorities. Aim of this paper is to review the year 2020 and what has been its impact on the citizens of Africa, it also discusses the impact of natural calamity like locust attack which effects the food supply and demand cycle including its impact on food and nutrition. Due to high impact on the food and grains the grievances amongst the people have raised and this has been used as an opportunity by the non-state actors to attract more and more volunteers to join the group. Therefore, this paper will observe how the religiously inclined terror groups have argued the pandemic and asked its members to use the opportunity to the fullest and reach out to more and more people, carry out more and more attacks and kill as many infidels as possible. Due to such a rapid action and eventful period, it becomes vital to capture the highlights of the year and assess in order to prepare for next such natural disaster. The paper especially focuses on the Sahel Region of Africa.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Soumya Awasthi

School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Soumya Awasthi. (2021). Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment. Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care, 7(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11

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ACS Style

Soumya Awasthi. Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment. J. Fam. Med. Health Care 2021, 7(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Soumya Awasthi. Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment. J Fam Med Health Care. 2021;7(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11,
  author = {Soumya Awasthi},
  title = {Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment},
  journal = {Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfmhc.20210701.11},
  abstract = {With the end of year 2020, the international policy pundits have taken the annual assessment of post Covid-19 scenario across the globe. This paper aims at assessment of the Fragile state of Africa, which has been facing a double-edged sword. Africa has witnessed maximum attacks by the two groups affiliated to ISIS and Al Qaeda as well as significant number of Covid cases. The two most significant terror groups Boko Haram and Al Shabab have taken advantage of the pandemic to challenge the state authorities. Aim of this paper is to review the year 2020 and what has been its impact on the citizens of Africa, it also discusses the impact of natural calamity like locust attack which effects the food supply and demand cycle including its impact on food and nutrition. Due to high impact on the food and grains the grievances amongst the people have raised and this has been used as an opportunity by the non-state actors to attract more and more volunteers to join the group. Therefore, this paper will observe how the religiously inclined terror groups have argued the pandemic and asked its members to use the opportunity to the fullest and reach out to more and more people, carry out more and more attacks and kill as many infidels as possible. Due to such a rapid action and eventful period, it becomes vital to capture the highlights of the year and assess in order to prepare for next such natural disaster. The paper especially focuses on the Sahel Region of Africa.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Fragile State of Africa, Non-state Actors and COVID 19: Annual Assessment
AU  - Soumya Awasthi
Y1  - 2021/03/04
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11
T2  - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
JF  - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
JO  - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8342
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20210701.11
AB  - With the end of year 2020, the international policy pundits have taken the annual assessment of post Covid-19 scenario across the globe. This paper aims at assessment of the Fragile state of Africa, which has been facing a double-edged sword. Africa has witnessed maximum attacks by the two groups affiliated to ISIS and Al Qaeda as well as significant number of Covid cases. The two most significant terror groups Boko Haram and Al Shabab have taken advantage of the pandemic to challenge the state authorities. Aim of this paper is to review the year 2020 and what has been its impact on the citizens of Africa, it also discusses the impact of natural calamity like locust attack which effects the food supply and demand cycle including its impact on food and nutrition. Due to high impact on the food and grains the grievances amongst the people have raised and this has been used as an opportunity by the non-state actors to attract more and more volunteers to join the group. Therefore, this paper will observe how the religiously inclined terror groups have argued the pandemic and asked its members to use the opportunity to the fullest and reach out to more and more people, carry out more and more attacks and kill as many infidels as possible. Due to such a rapid action and eventful period, it becomes vital to capture the highlights of the year and assess in order to prepare for next such natural disaster. The paper especially focuses on the Sahel Region of Africa.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download