Burns are skin injuries resulting from exposure to heat such as (fire, hot liquids, or gases, electricity, chemicals such as strong acids and bases, or exposure to radiation such as (ultraviolet rays, X-rays or microwaves), proper management of burns reduces the risk of complications resulting from burns and in order to prevent infection, new therapeutic methods are needed. Nanotechnology has provided a group of molecularly designed nanostructures that can be used in all therapeutic applications for burns . Molecularly designed nanostructures can be divided into organic and inorganic such as polymeric nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles, in addition to healing approaches based on nanotechnology. Technological development in the field of Nano medicine is useful in finding new alternatives. Several types of nanoparticles have been proposed, which have been used to eliminate antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Skin infections are diseases that medicine relationship human appearance. Its external appearance and health, and these infections occur after the pathogen is able to overcome and penetrate the skin, which is the first mechanical barrier, causing skin infections, which vary in terms of their depth and the type of microscopic organism causing them. There are bacterial, viral, fungal infections, and others . Many medicinal plants are used to treat skin, viral, and fungal infections. Many antibiotics are also used to treat the causes of these infections. However, due to the frequent random use of these antibiotics, many bacterial and fungal isolates have spread that are resistant to the action of these antibiotics . The Staph. aureus species is characterized by its ability to ferment mannitol sugar and its resistance to high salt concentrations, which reach (7.5% table salt), in addition to giving a complete blood analysis. haemolysis β. It is present It is naturally found in the human body as it is considered one of the natural flora in the upper respiratory system, especially the nasal area, and it is also found on the skin, specifically in moist places and folds, and enters the tissues through scratches, wounds and burns . By penetrating the surface of the skin, it causes boils loaded with abscesses in the hair follicle, forming folliculitis. When it enters deeper tissues, it causes carbuncles that exude pus to the surface of the tissues and are hardened and painful with a reddish circular shape and often spread on the neck and require a long period to heal . In a study conducted by on bacterial skin infections, it was found that Staphylococcus aureus constitutes 60% of all bacterial skin infections. These bacteria possess virulence factors, which are molecules present or secreted by the bacteria that play important and multiple roles in pathogenic infection, such as colonization of host cells, adhesion to cells, invasion and inhibition response. There are a number of virulence factors possessed by Staph bacteria. aureus, which plays a role in its pathogenicity . Virulence factors include the adhesion factor that provides food for bacteria, cell surface proteins that form the adhesion template for bacteria , the presence of protein A, which is an anti-phagocytic surface protein , the presence of cilia, which are structures found on the surface and are important because they mediate the adhesion process, the presence of the capsule that stimulates virulence by obstructing the phagocytosis process, the presence of teichic acids, which are negative ionic polymers, and their functions include maintaining the structure, integrity, and shape of the bacterial cell and contribute to many vital activities such as resistance to environmental conditions and lytic enzymes, and contribute to cell division and morphogenesis . In addition, there are extracellular enzymes Extracellular enzymes that resist stress such as catalase, protease, nucleic acid-degrading enzymes, hyaluronidase, which contributes to the spread of toxins in tissues, lipase, which is important in nutrition and spread, staphylokinase, which is important during bacterial cell division in the late phase of division, and there is also coagulase, which is a plasma coagulase enzyme and is important in diagnosis . Some types of staphylococci secrete a group of exotoxins such as nuclease, protease, lipase, coagulase, and others . The exotoxins are Alpha-hemolysin, Beta-hemolysin, Gama-hemolysin, Leukocidin, Panton-valentin, Toxic shock syndrome Toxin, and intestinal toxins . Pseudomonas aeruginosa is rod-shaped not form spores, motile and is aerobic. Ps. aeruginosa causes are difficult to treat due to its multiple resistance to antibiotics . powerful such diverse its hemolysin and proteinase, to its production of many exotoxins that are as effective as diphtheria toxin . It also has the production of broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes . They are well-established in the moist environment of hospitals, as they have been isolated from beds, soap containers, and disinfectant solutions, and through them they move to wounds and burns, causing necrosis of these areas, tissue destruction, and the exudation of blood plasma outside the skin to become a good breeding ground for bacterial growth. These bacteria cause pururitic maculopustulur and vesiculopustulur rash, which is associated with swimming in contaminated pools. They also form biofilms, which are biofilms consisting of colonies of microorganisms surrounded by exopolysaccharides produced by the bacteria ps. aeruginosa, in addition to the pigment pyocin and functional proteins, all of which contribute to building the biofilm . The presence of biofilms to protect these bacteria from harmful environmental factors and the presence of membrane tissue material is one of the main resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. . The resistance to multiple antimicrobials shown by a type of microorganisms towards a spectrum of antibiotics and multiple treatments, including fungi to many antimicrobial drugs, and these strains can be comprehensively resistant . Distinguishing the types of resistance Resistant bacteria that pose a risk of transmitting infection and rapid infections, as they infect patients in hospitals and intensive care units, or are cyclic resistance, and the infection caused by these resistant strains is accompanied a long period of treatment . From what was presented, the aim of the study was to try to know the effect of biosynthetic nanocomposites on the characteristics of pathogenic bacteria isolated from burn infections, especially those with multiple resistance for antibiotics.

NiO and Cobalt oxide nano solutions were prepared. 4% sodium hydroxide was prepared and added to nickel nitrate solution (Ni(NO₃)₂) 29% M. The temperature was gradually raised to 70°C (Al-Sawy, 2017). (Saraev, 2005) NiO GREEN NANPRACTICAL was prepared. 1% M was prepared in the same way. Nickel nitrate solution (Ni(NO₃)₂) was prepared (Joseph, 2012). Nano cobalt oxide CoO was also prepared by chemical method to prepare nano cobalt oxide NANOPARTICAL STRACTUR by preparing sodium hydroxide NaOH 4% to which cobalt nitrate solution (Co(NO₃)₂) 37% M is added. The two solutions are mixed in the same previous way. Cobalt oxide is also prepared with nano Aloe vera solution, where 10% of Aloe vera extract is prepared and add to the cobalt nitrate solution (Co(NO₃)₂) 37% M and mix in the same way as before Then mix the two solutions, nickel oxide and cobalt oxide solution, and mix them percentages Place in a vibrating device to mix two materials until 50 (± 3) in a water bath. The culture media are prepared and the collected swabs are cultured and the bacteria are diagnosed using Vitek2 compact chemically and morphologically .

The strains that have become resistant to all available therapeutic agents, including resistant to inhibit the production of penicillinase by S. aureus, but it has resistance to a number of other antibiotics, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline and chloramphenicol Vancomycin. The reason for the resistance is the excessive use of an mechanism by bacteria through many defense mechanisms, as well as the lack of healthy practices to combat infection, and the lack of responsible supervision of antibiotics so that they are widely used to avoid increasing resistance . Bacteria can produce enzymes that have the ability to break down antibiotics called beta-lactamase such as β-lactamase. The beta-lactam enzyme is divided into four enzyme classes by producing chloramphenicol acetyl transferase Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase . Some organisms show a mechanism of resistance to the beta-lactam enzyme by an antagonistic effect, which is the synthesis of as they resist tetracycline, which Efflux pumps in the bacterial cell, where their function is to remove waste and can remove antibacterial drugs by means of the pumps .

The presence of nanomaterial 19 (111), 31 (220)), 45 (400), 59 (511), 65 (440), 79 (622) in each of the materials NT1, NT2, and the results match the graph of NT1, NT2 with the international measurements of the Miller coefficient and theta degree 2 Theta (deg)).

The results, as shown in Figure 3, represent a substance deposited on glass, where the background appears black. The particle shapes are flower-shaped with dimensions not exceeding 200 nm on the drawing scale, and these particles appear with dimensions on the drawing scale of 50-90 nm, smaller than 100 nm.

It was noted from Figure 4 that, Figure 4, NT1A was 3.5 µm, and according to the scale in Figure 4, NT1B, the nanoparticle 60 nm. . that the of Figure 4, NT2A was 3.5 µm, are single and large in Figure 4, NT2 B, the nanoparticles appeared, the drawing scale was 150 nm, clusters are observed, and the nanoparticle does not exceed 0.5 nm.

UV examination is wavelengths from 200-400 nm are called ultraviolet rays and are symbolized by UV, while rays from the range 400-700 nm are called visible rays (VIS), and strong rays at a wavelength of 700 nm are near-infrared rays (N-Infra).

It is noted from Figure 5A UV that graph shows value is 3.5 ev and nano material. As for Figure 5B UV of NT2 graph A transmittance low absorbance in 236-800 nm. This is attributed the B graph has a 3.8 ev, and it achieves the nanomaterial.

FT-IR examination It is noted from the graph, Figure 6, A FT-IR of the NT1 cobalt oxide solution that the sites of the bonds Co-O, its presence is observed, while 1315 level there C-N bonds, 2400 O-H bonds, 3251 N-H bonds. It was also noted from the graphic Figure 6,B, FT-IR of the NT2 cobalt oxide solution, that material C, O, H bonds mineral materials, metal and absence of acidic materials, also oxidation and reduction the change the process clumping does not occur. It is noted that whenever the nanoparticle material is diluted, does not clump and sinks to the bottom of the container during preparation.

Zeta potential test It was noted from the results of the Zeta test shown in Table 2 that there is a positive repulsive is an indication while are repulsive the prepared nano of cobalt oxide had the value of the Zeta Potential graph, Figure 7, which was -57.3 was negative were low, indicating that no agglomeration occurred in the nano material. As for the nano solutions N2 value of the graph was -28.5 was negative were low, indicating that no agglomeration occurred in the nano material .

To know the sensitivity of these compounds on multi-resistant bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using concentrations of nickel oxide nanomaterials (25%M 100%, 75%, 50%) compared to control = c (water) as shown in Table 3. The effect of prepared nickel oxide solutions NT4 was observed that the effect of nano solutions has little effect 100%M and is not effective at diluted, noted solution NT6 and nickel oxide at concentrations (100, 75)%M had an inhibitory effect, while in (25, 50)%M. was NT2 Aloe vera had a greater, It was noted that the effect of these Aloe vera extract solutions on inhibiting bacteria, . Results of nano-tests for nickel oxide: Tests were conducted to confirm the presence of nanomaterial in the following nickel oxide compound solutions:.

XRD test, which performed graphs considered the most important test and the first test in which the nanomaterial is tested. . And the graph in Figure 9 shows the presence of nanomaterial 37.02 (111), 44.6 (200)), 62.5 (220) in each of the NT6 and NT4 materials, and the results match the graph of the first method and the second method with international measurements of the Miller coefficient and the Theta degree 2.

It is noted from the Figure 10 N4 that the molecule shells or semi-shells smaller than 10 nm in size and N6, an figure that shows the molecule with a size of 20nm. SEM examination represents the details of the molecule and this examination of the sample may differ from one period to another for the same sample and the reason is due to many variables such as room temperature, storage period of the prepared material, preparation method, light, ambient air, humidity, solution components, sample weight as taking more than one examination of the sample does not give the same results at the same time .

It was noted from Figure 11, NT4 the largest scale of Figure11, NT4A was 500nm, and in Figure11, NT4B, which was of 30nm, are observed, exceeding sizes ranging from 0.5-30 nm. Figure 11 NT6, Imagre11, NT6A was 250nm, bodies in Figure11, NT6B, which was a drawing scale of 30nm, different sizes of nanoparticles are observed, not exceeding sizes ranging from 0.5 nm. These are particles called quantum dots according to the source .

It is noted from Figure 12, A NT4, the absorbance the opposite of the transmittance. If the transmittance value is low, the transmittance is high and vice versa. As for Graph B, it drawing value is 3.5 ev, which is a semiconductor material and it achieves the oxide of the nanomaterial. If the energy gap value is very large within the limits of the drawing, the material is an insulator such as glass and wood. It is noted from Figure 12, B UV absorbance and energy gap of nickel oxide solution with saffron extract, NT6 transmittance low absorbance in the range 236-800nm, which is very light, attributed the deviation the absorbance which for the NT6 sample, the energy gap value is 2.2 ev, and it achieves the oxide of the nanomaterial. .

The material cannot be diagnosed or identified by the graph, but the energy of the active bonds absorbs heat and expands from the rays or heat emitted from the light. The movement of the vibrating materials is in six types of movements: sideways, forward, backward, upward and downward. These vibrating movements are called the frequency of the material F, and with the time factor they are called with a certain constant of the device FT, which is a sequence to convert time to space. The transformation of time indicates in the examination a function of the reciprocal of the wavelength, which is one to cm.

It is noted from the graphic Figure 13, A FT-IR of the nano-solutions of NT6, NT4, the sites of the metal oxide bonds Ni-O are at 500-600 and the wavelength 1210 is noted to be at the level of the C-O bond, 2400 may be O-H bond, 3300 N-H bond. [26].

In Table 4 that there is a positive repulsive value, which is an indication of positive charges, while the negative values are the presence of negative repulsive. N4, which is the nano-solutions prepared by the first method, had a Zeta Potential graph value of 0.9 was negative were low, indicating that no clumping occurred in the nano-material. As for the nano-solution prepared by the second method, N6, its graph value in the test was -17.8 mv. negative were low, Figure 14 indicating that no clumping occurred in the nano-material .

The examinations were conducted according to the method of .

XRD The Examination Results were shown Specifications of Braak Angle in the Corresponding Graphs. The Specifications are Adopted. The Compound, Cobalt Oxide, is the Dominant one.

It was noted from the graph Figure 17 that the cobalt compound is dominant with the presence of the nickel compound and the appearance of two peaks of CoOH with Miller coefficient (102) and (103) at 2 Theta deg)) .

SEM examination showed the results as shown in the Figure 18, A, representing a material flower 200nm and measuring 50-90nm, Figure 18, B is a large Figure with dimensions of 10 µm and it is a flower. Figure 18, C shows measurements of different sides of the nanoparticle. The multiple shapes in the Figure may be attributed to nickel oxide, cobalt or other materials. SEM examination represents the details of the particle and this examination of the sample may differ from one period to another for the same sample. This is due to many variables such as room temperature, storage period of the prepared material, preparation method, light, ambient air, humidity, solution components, and sample weight. Taking more than one examination of the sample does not give the same results at the same time.

Figure 18, A shows measurement 50-90 nm smaller than 100 nm. As for Figure18, B, it is a large Figure with dimensions of 10 µm, and they are floral shapes of the nanoparticles, while Figure18, C shows measurements of different sides of the nanoparticle and the multiplicity of shapes in the Figure may be attributed to the fact that these particles indicate one of the materials, nickel oxide, cobalt or other materials.

The results showed that through was fixed 50 nm was have that their size ranges between 5-12 nm, nanoparticles known worldwide are called quantum dots, according to the source (Poole, 2003), as shown in Figure 19.

Figure 20 the locations of the metal oxide bonds Co-O and Ni-O are at 532, 1315 C-N bonds, 1600 C-N bonds carbon bonds, 3200 N-H bonds, 1080.

UV examination showed the results through the graph. Through the results that appeared, it was observed that the energy gap. As for the results through the examination, the energy gap energy 2.0ev, while the absorbance shows the formation of the plasma layer and at the wavelength 200-400 nm the x-axis wavelength (nm) This is evidence of the formation of the nanomaterial Figure 21.

The results showed, as noted from the graph, there is a positive value of the repulsive, which is evidence of positive charges, while the negative values It is the presence of negatively charged particles. The value of the graph Zeta Potential is -27.5 mv, which is a low value that does not cause agglomeration. This applies to the results of the values of (coil nitrate with Aloe vera extract with nickel nitrate solution with saffron extract).

Where it was -36.7 mv, which are very low mv values, meaning that no clumping occurs in the nanomaterial as in Figure 22 This is consistent with what the researcher has reached.

MTT toxicity measurement, the toxic substance live cells.

The IC50 ratio for killing 50% of cells for cancerous PC3 cells was observed to be 416.8, while its value for normal HdFN cells was 101.6 Table 7.

1) The extract of cobalt nitrate with aloe vera is the most efficient plant extracts combined with nanomaterials in inhibiting the isolates of Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa bacteria.

2) The results of the MTT cytotoxicity assay showed that the solutions prepared to treat infections caused by both Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa were non-toxic solutions and highly effective when diluted to low concentrations.

Detection and investigation of phenotypic changes in the walls of bacterial cells exposed to the nanoparticles under study using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffract meter.

Asmaa Ahmed Hatem Sultan: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.