Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

Geofrey Kibiwott Yator; Fatuma Daudi; James Okinyi Manyara

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13

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Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

Geofrey Kibiwott Yator, Fatuma Daudi, James Okinyi Manyara

Published in American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 1, Issue 3)

Received: 6 March 2017 Accepted: 7 April 2017 Published: 2 June 2017

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Abstract

Climate change is a major challenge in the 21st Century, as calamities and unpredictable weather changes lie on the realm of climate change. Climate change is a product of both anthropogenic and natural causes that emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere causing a shift in climatic temperatures. Cities and towns are the main emitters of greenhouse gases -contributing 70-80% of the total global greenhouse gases. The prime solution of Greenhouse gases lies in reducing emissions or increasing carbon sinks. This paper aims at estimating the amount of carbon dioxide emitted along major traffic corridors in Eldoret town. Estimated data were obtained for carbon emission in the major emitter which is Transport sector. Data was collected at four control points on road junctions and roundabouts to the east, west, south and central of the central business district, the data collected included vehicles idling time and operating speeds, Vehicle Kilometres Travelled formulae based on the Caltrans software CT-EMFAC, was used in modelling carbon dioxide emissions on roads. An estimated total of 4693.9 tons of carbon dioxide was emitted annually from the roads. It was further observed that vehicles travel at average speeds of 10kmh apart from Control point 1 where vehicles were moving at average speeds of 20-30km/h. Emissions from motor vehicles idling were the highest contribution (93%) of the total emissions while running engines at speeds >5kmh contributed only 7% of the total emissions. Control point 2 had the highest rates of emissions during peak and off-peak hours. Pearsons correlation between speeds and fuel consumption at peak (r=-0.758) and off-peak (r= -0.762) was carried out and an inverse relationship between fuel consumption and operating speeds was observed. The research therefore recommends that the county and environmental organs in the country should increase traffic efficiency to cut on idling emission which is 93% higher than any other emissions from motor vehicles, introduce environmental levy fee for mitigating the effects of global warming due to emissions and encourage vehicles that are fuel efficient with auxiliary power units to aid in idling periods.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 1, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13
Page(s)	74-84
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Climate Change, Carbon Sinks, Global Warming

References

[1]	UNFCC, 2014. Background on the UNFCCC: The international response to climate change.
[2]	Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: United Nations, 1998.
[3]	DiMento, J. F., & Doughman, P. (2007). Climate Change. What It Means for Us. Our Children, and Our Grandchildren. Cambridge: MIT Press.
[4]	Satterthwaite. D 2008. Cities' contribution to global warming: notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and Urbanization 2008 20: 539.
[5]	The World Bank. 2014, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. World Development Indicators.
[6]	COP15. Economics of Climate Change Kenya: Proceedings of Stockholm Environment Institute Project Report, 1 December 2009.
[7]	United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013: Prosperity of Cities Urban Infrastructure: Bedrock of Prosperity.
[8]	Warran, A., & Patwardhan, A. (2008). Carbon sequestration potential of trees in and around pune city. Case study Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Pune.
[9]	Robertson, H. D, D. C. Nelson. 1994. Volume Studies. In Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies, ed: Prentice Hall, Inc., pp. 6–31.
[10]	Jennings, M., Gallachóir, B. P. Ó., & Schipper, L. (2013). Irish passenger transport: Data refinements, international comparisons, and decomposition analysis. Energy policy, 56, 151-164.
[11]	Kenya registered vehicles, 2001-2009. Kenya Revenue Authority Database.
[12]	Network, I. C. (2007). Assessment of GHG Emission Reduction Alternatives in the Canadian Context.

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Geofrey Kibiwott Yator, Fatuma Daudi, James Okinyi Manyara. (2017). Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 1(3), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13

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ACS Style

Geofrey Kibiwott Yator; Fatuma Daudi; James Okinyi Manyara. Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2017, 1(3), 74-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13

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AMA Style

Geofrey Kibiwott Yator, Fatuma Daudi, James Okinyi Manyara. Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2017;1(3):74-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13,
  author = {Geofrey Kibiwott Yator and Fatuma Daudi and James Okinyi Manyara},
  title = {Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {74-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20170103.13},
  abstract = {Climate change is a major challenge in the 21st Century, as calamities and unpredictable weather changes lie on the realm of climate change. Climate change is a product of both anthropogenic and natural causes that emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere causing a shift in climatic temperatures. Cities and towns are the main emitters of greenhouse gases -contributing 70-80% of the total global greenhouse gases. The prime solution of Greenhouse gases lies in reducing emissions or increasing carbon sinks. This paper aims at estimating the amount of carbon dioxide emitted along major traffic corridors in Eldoret town. Estimated data were obtained for carbon emission in the major emitter which is Transport sector. Data was collected at four control points on road junctions and roundabouts to the east, west, south and central of the central business district, the data collected included vehicles idling time and operating speeds, Vehicle Kilometres Travelled formulae based on the Caltrans software CT-EMFAC, was used in modelling carbon dioxide emissions on roads. An estimated total of 4693.9 tons of carbon dioxide was emitted annually from the roads. It was further observed that vehicles travel at average speeds of 10kmh apart from Control point 1 where vehicles were moving at average speeds of 20-30km/h. Emissions from motor vehicles idling were the highest contribution (93%) of the total emissions while running engines at speeds >5kmh contributed only 7% of the total emissions. Control point 2 had the highest rates of emissions during peak and off-peak hours. Pearsons correlation between speeds and fuel consumption at peak (r=-0.758) and off-peak (r= -0.762) was carried out and an inverse relationship between fuel consumption and operating speeds was observed. The research therefore recommends that the county and environmental organs in the country should increase traffic efficiency to cut on idling emission which is 93% higher than any other emissions from motor vehicles, introduce environmental levy fee for mitigating the effects of global warming due to emissions and encourage vehicles that are fuel efficient with auxiliary power units to aid in idling periods.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
AU  - Geofrey Kibiwott Yator
AU  - Fatuma Daudi
AU  - James Okinyi Manyara
Y1  - 2017/06/02
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
SP  - 74
EP  - 84
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13
AB  - Climate change is a major challenge in the 21st Century, as calamities and unpredictable weather changes lie on the realm of climate change. Climate change is a product of both anthropogenic and natural causes that emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere causing a shift in climatic temperatures. Cities and towns are the main emitters of greenhouse gases -contributing 70-80% of the total global greenhouse gases. The prime solution of Greenhouse gases lies in reducing emissions or increasing carbon sinks. This paper aims at estimating the amount of carbon dioxide emitted along major traffic corridors in Eldoret town. Estimated data were obtained for carbon emission in the major emitter which is Transport sector. Data was collected at four control points on road junctions and roundabouts to the east, west, south and central of the central business district, the data collected included vehicles idling time and operating speeds, Vehicle Kilometres Travelled formulae based on the Caltrans software CT-EMFAC, was used in modelling carbon dioxide emissions on roads. An estimated total of 4693.9 tons of carbon dioxide was emitted annually from the roads. It was further observed that vehicles travel at average speeds of 10kmh apart from Control point 1 where vehicles were moving at average speeds of 20-30km/h. Emissions from motor vehicles idling were the highest contribution (93%) of the total emissions while running engines at speeds >5kmh contributed only 7% of the total emissions. Control point 2 had the highest rates of emissions during peak and off-peak hours. Pearsons correlation between speeds and fuel consumption at peak (r=-0.758) and off-peak (r= -0.762) was carried out and an inverse relationship between fuel consumption and operating speeds was observed. The research therefore recommends that the county and environmental organs in the country should increase traffic efficiency to cut on idling emission which is 93% higher than any other emissions from motor vehicles, introduce environmental levy fee for mitigating the effects of global warming due to emissions and encourage vehicles that are fuel efficient with auxiliary power units to aid in idling periods.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Geofrey Kibiwott Yator

Department of Environmental Monitoring Planning and Management, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
Fatuma Daudi

Department of Environmental Monitoring Planning and Management, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
James Okinyi Manyara

Kenya Institute of Highway and Building Technology (KIHBIT), Kisii, Kenya

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APA Style

Geofrey Kibiwott Yator, Fatuma Daudi, James Okinyi Manyara. (2017). Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 1(3), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13

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ACS Style

Geofrey Kibiwott Yator; Fatuma Daudi; James Okinyi Manyara. Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2017, 1(3), 74-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13

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AMA Style

Geofrey Kibiwott Yator, Fatuma Daudi, James Okinyi Manyara. Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2017;1(3):74-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13,
  author = {Geofrey Kibiwott Yator and Fatuma Daudi and James Okinyi Manyara},
  title = {Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {74-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20170103.13},
  abstract = {Climate change is a major challenge in the 21st Century, as calamities and unpredictable weather changes lie on the realm of climate change. Climate change is a product of both anthropogenic and natural causes that emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere causing a shift in climatic temperatures. Cities and towns are the main emitters of greenhouse gases -contributing 70-80% of the total global greenhouse gases. The prime solution of Greenhouse gases lies in reducing emissions or increasing carbon sinks. This paper aims at estimating the amount of carbon dioxide emitted along major traffic corridors in Eldoret town. Estimated data were obtained for carbon emission in the major emitter which is Transport sector. Data was collected at four control points on road junctions and roundabouts to the east, west, south and central of the central business district, the data collected included vehicles idling time and operating speeds, Vehicle Kilometres Travelled formulae based on the Caltrans software CT-EMFAC, was used in modelling carbon dioxide emissions on roads. An estimated total of 4693.9 tons of carbon dioxide was emitted annually from the roads. It was further observed that vehicles travel at average speeds of 10kmh apart from Control point 1 where vehicles were moving at average speeds of 20-30km/h. Emissions from motor vehicles idling were the highest contribution (93%) of the total emissions while running engines at speeds >5kmh contributed only 7% of the total emissions. Control point 2 had the highest rates of emissions during peak and off-peak hours. Pearsons correlation between speeds and fuel consumption at peak (r=-0.758) and off-peak (r= -0.762) was carried out and an inverse relationship between fuel consumption and operating speeds was observed. The research therefore recommends that the county and environmental organs in the country should increase traffic efficiency to cut on idling emission which is 93% higher than any other emissions from motor vehicles, introduce environmental levy fee for mitigating the effects of global warming due to emissions and encourage vehicles that are fuel efficient with auxiliary power units to aid in idling periods.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimating the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Emitted Along Traffic Corridors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
AU  - Geofrey Kibiwott Yator
AU  - Fatuma Daudi
AU  - James Okinyi Manyara
Y1  - 2017/06/02
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
SP  - 74
EP  - 84
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20170103.13
AB  - Climate change is a major challenge in the 21st Century, as calamities and unpredictable weather changes lie on the realm of climate change. Climate change is a product of both anthropogenic and natural causes that emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere causing a shift in climatic temperatures. Cities and towns are the main emitters of greenhouse gases -contributing 70-80% of the total global greenhouse gases. The prime solution of Greenhouse gases lies in reducing emissions or increasing carbon sinks. This paper aims at estimating the amount of carbon dioxide emitted along major traffic corridors in Eldoret town. Estimated data were obtained for carbon emission in the major emitter which is Transport sector. Data was collected at four control points on road junctions and roundabouts to the east, west, south and central of the central business district, the data collected included vehicles idling time and operating speeds, Vehicle Kilometres Travelled formulae based on the Caltrans software CT-EMFAC, was used in modelling carbon dioxide emissions on roads. An estimated total of 4693.9 tons of carbon dioxide was emitted annually from the roads. It was further observed that vehicles travel at average speeds of 10kmh apart from Control point 1 where vehicles were moving at average speeds of 20-30km/h. Emissions from motor vehicles idling were the highest contribution (93%) of the total emissions while running engines at speeds >5kmh contributed only 7% of the total emissions. Control point 2 had the highest rates of emissions during peak and off-peak hours. Pearsons correlation between speeds and fuel consumption at peak (r=-0.758) and off-peak (r= -0.762) was carried out and an inverse relationship between fuel consumption and operating speeds was observed. The research therefore recommends that the county and environmental organs in the country should increase traffic efficiency to cut on idling emission which is 93% higher than any other emissions from motor vehicles, introduce environmental levy fee for mitigating the effects of global warming due to emissions and encourage vehicles that are fuel efficient with auxiliary power units to aid in idling periods.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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