Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Obotowo William Obot; Mfon Udo Obot

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12

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Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Obotowo William Obot, Mfon Udo Obot

Published in Applied Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 28 July 2021 Accepted: 7 August 2021 Published: 27 September 2021

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Abstract

In this work, clay sample excavated from Iba Oku community along Uyo Village road, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria was taken to the laboratory and analyzed using standard physico-chemical tests, for its industrial potentials. In the last thirty years or more, there have not been visible activities demanding clay in its various forms as input material in manufacturing activities in Akwa Ibom or even the adjoining States. The reason for this state of affairs may not be unconnected to either complete lack of information or research data on the abundant clays in Akwa Ibom State, particularly the Iba Oku clay. It is therefore in pursuant of the need to stimulate entrepreneurial interest, besides accumulating academic research data, that the current research became pertinent. The sample was first crushed, soaked and decanted, dried in an oven and then sieved. Thereafter, the plasticity, particle texture, grain volume, linear shrinkage, mineralogy and elemental composition were studied using various techniques. The clay sample is composed of the two minerals quartz (80%) and kaolinite (20%) and two dominant elements, silicon at 45.93 weight % and aluminum at 18.90 weight % both comprised approximately 65% weight content. Furthermore, particle textural distribution classifies the sample as inorganic clay soil, its determined plasticity index is 33.1%, porosity is 51.93%, linear shrinkage is 13% and grain volume is 12.82cm³. The findings show that clay sample from the study area is plastic, whitish to light pink colored, free of accessory mineral impurities, kaolinitic but with very high non-clay quartz content. This makes it suitable as raw material to obtain a triaxial ceramic when mixed with feldspar for industrial production of ceramic floor tiles.

Published in	Applied Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12
Page(s)	44-50
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Kaolinite, Clay, Quartz, Plasticity, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)

References

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[2]	National Bureau of Statistics (2017). State Disaggregated Mining and Quarrying Data- 2016. https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/State_Disaggregated_Mining_and_Quarrying_Data_-_2016%5B1635%5D-min.pdf.
[3]	Babalola, R., Bassey, E. N., Brown, I. L and Salahudeen, N (2017) Identification of Kaolinite Clay in Five Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria for Zeolite Synthesis as a Way of Import Substitution. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 8 (5): 215-218.
[4]	Udofia, P. A., Harry, T. A and Udo, J. I. (2017). Evaluation of Industrial Potentials of Clay Deposits in Akwa Ibom State, S. E Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 8 (7), 1774-1781.
[5]	Okorie E. Agwu, Anietie N. Okon and Moses G. Akpabio (2015) Determination of major elemental contents of some bentonitic clay in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Elixir Petrol. Engg. 80 (2015) 30870-30873.
[6]	Elueze, A. A., Ntekim, E. E and Ekwere, S. J (1999) Compositional and Industrial Assessment of Clay Bodies in Itu Area, South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, Vol 35 (20), pp 117-124.
[7]	Ilori, A., Uko, C. E., & Umoh, I. C. (2019). Local Geology, Shear Strength Properties and Bearing Capacity of Coastal Plain Sands in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 8 (4), 1-23.
[8]	Ehibor, I U. (2019). Geotechnical Properties of Clay Soils in Uyo Town, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria." "IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) 7.3: 08-16.
[9]	Obi, J. C (2015): Prediction of Characteristics of Coastal Plain Soils using Terrain Attributes. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension. Volume 14 Number 3 September, 2015 pp. 22-26.
[10]	Ekpoh, I. J (1994). Physiography, Climate and Vegetation of Akwa Ibom State. Akwa Ibom State: The Land of Promise, 239-244.
[11]	Robert U. W, Etuk S. E, Agbasi O. E, Umoren G. P. (2020) Comparison of clay soils of different colors existing under the same conditions in a location. Imam J Appl Sci. 5: 68-73.
[12]	Donatus, E. O. A, Osodeke, V. E., Ukpong I. M. and Osisi, A. F. (2018) Chemistry and Mineralogy of Soils Derived from Different Parent Materials in Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 25 (3): 1-16.
[13]	Singer, F and Singer, S (1963). Industrial Ceramics, Springer Netherlands, 1455 pages.
[14]	Weems, J. B (1903). Chemistry of Clays. Iowa Geological Survey Annual Report, 24, 319-346.
[15]	Gee, G. W. and J. W. Bauder. (1986). Particle-size Analysis. p 383-411 In A. Klute (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1. Soil Science Society of America Book Series 5, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
[16]	Hook J. R (2003). An introduction to porosity. Petrophysics 2003; 44 (3): 205–12. .
[17]	Bain, J. A (1971). A Plasticity Chart as an Aid to the Identification and Assessment of Industrial Clays. Clay Minerals. 9, 1.
[18]	Groenendyk, D. G; Ferré, T. P. A; Thorp, K. R; Rice, A. K (2015): USDA Soil Texture Triangle. PLOS ONE. Figure. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131299.g001.

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Obotowo William Obot, Mfon Udo Obot. (2021). Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Applied Engineering, 5(2), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12

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ACS Style

Obotowo William Obot; Mfon Udo Obot. Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Appl. Eng. 2021, 5(2), 44-50. doi: 10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12

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AMA Style

Obotowo William Obot, Mfon Udo Obot. Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Appl Eng. 2021;5(2):44-50. doi: 10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12,
  author = {Obotowo William Obot and Mfon Udo Obot},
  title = {Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Applied Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {44-50},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ae.20210502.12},
  abstract = {In this work, clay sample excavated from Iba Oku community along Uyo Village road, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria was taken to the laboratory and analyzed using standard physico-chemical tests, for its industrial potentials. In the last thirty years or more, there have not been visible activities demanding clay in its various forms as input material in manufacturing activities in Akwa Ibom or even the adjoining States. The reason for this state of affairs may not be unconnected to either complete lack of information or research data on the abundant clays in Akwa Ibom State, particularly the Iba Oku clay. It is therefore in pursuant of the need to stimulate entrepreneurial interest, besides accumulating academic research data, that the current research became pertinent. The sample was first crushed, soaked and decanted, dried in an oven and then sieved. Thereafter, the plasticity, particle texture, grain volume, linear shrinkage, mineralogy and elemental composition were studied using various techniques. The clay sample is composed of the two minerals quartz (80%) and kaolinite (20%) and two dominant elements, silicon at 45.93 weight % and aluminum at 18.90 weight % both comprised approximately 65% weight content. Furthermore, particle textural distribution classifies the sample as inorganic clay soil, its determined plasticity index is 33.1%, porosity is 51.93%, linear shrinkage is 13% and grain volume is 12.82cm3. The findings show that clay sample from the study area is plastic, whitish to light pink colored, free of accessory mineral impurities, kaolinitic but with very high non-clay quartz content. This makes it suitable as raw material to obtain a triaxial ceramic when mixed with feldspar for industrial production of ceramic floor tiles.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
AU  - Obotowo William Obot
AU  - Mfon Udo Obot
Y1  - 2021/09/27
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12
T2  - Applied Engineering
JF  - Applied Engineering
JO  - Applied Engineering
SP  - 44
EP  - 50
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7456
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12
AB  - In this work, clay sample excavated from Iba Oku community along Uyo Village road, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria was taken to the laboratory and analyzed using standard physico-chemical tests, for its industrial potentials. In the last thirty years or more, there have not been visible activities demanding clay in its various forms as input material in manufacturing activities in Akwa Ibom or even the adjoining States. The reason for this state of affairs may not be unconnected to either complete lack of information or research data on the abundant clays in Akwa Ibom State, particularly the Iba Oku clay. It is therefore in pursuant of the need to stimulate entrepreneurial interest, besides accumulating academic research data, that the current research became pertinent. The sample was first crushed, soaked and decanted, dried in an oven and then sieved. Thereafter, the plasticity, particle texture, grain volume, linear shrinkage, mineralogy and elemental composition were studied using various techniques. The clay sample is composed of the two minerals quartz (80%) and kaolinite (20%) and two dominant elements, silicon at 45.93 weight % and aluminum at 18.90 weight % both comprised approximately 65% weight content. Furthermore, particle textural distribution classifies the sample as inorganic clay soil, its determined plasticity index is 33.1%, porosity is 51.93%, linear shrinkage is 13% and grain volume is 12.82cm3. The findings show that clay sample from the study area is plastic, whitish to light pink colored, free of accessory mineral impurities, kaolinitic but with very high non-clay quartz content. This makes it suitable as raw material to obtain a triaxial ceramic when mixed with feldspar for industrial production of ceramic floor tiles.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Obotowo William Obot

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Mfon Udo Obot

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

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APA Style

Obotowo William Obot, Mfon Udo Obot. (2021). Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Applied Engineering, 5(2), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12

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ACS Style

Obotowo William Obot; Mfon Udo Obot. Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Appl. Eng. 2021, 5(2), 44-50. doi: 10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12

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AMA Style

Obotowo William Obot, Mfon Udo Obot. Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Appl Eng. 2021;5(2):44-50. doi: 10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12,
  author = {Obotowo William Obot and Mfon Udo Obot},
  title = {Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Applied Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {44-50},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ae.20210502.12},
  abstract = {In this work, clay sample excavated from Iba Oku community along Uyo Village road, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria was taken to the laboratory and analyzed using standard physico-chemical tests, for its industrial potentials. In the last thirty years or more, there have not been visible activities demanding clay in its various forms as input material in manufacturing activities in Akwa Ibom or even the adjoining States. The reason for this state of affairs may not be unconnected to either complete lack of information or research data on the abundant clays in Akwa Ibom State, particularly the Iba Oku clay. It is therefore in pursuant of the need to stimulate entrepreneurial interest, besides accumulating academic research data, that the current research became pertinent. The sample was first crushed, soaked and decanted, dried in an oven and then sieved. Thereafter, the plasticity, particle texture, grain volume, linear shrinkage, mineralogy and elemental composition were studied using various techniques. The clay sample is composed of the two minerals quartz (80%) and kaolinite (20%) and two dominant elements, silicon at 45.93 weight % and aluminum at 18.90 weight % both comprised approximately 65% weight content. Furthermore, particle textural distribution classifies the sample as inorganic clay soil, its determined plasticity index is 33.1%, porosity is 51.93%, linear shrinkage is 13% and grain volume is 12.82cm3. The findings show that clay sample from the study area is plastic, whitish to light pink colored, free of accessory mineral impurities, kaolinitic but with very high non-clay quartz content. This makes it suitable as raw material to obtain a triaxial ceramic when mixed with feldspar for industrial production of ceramic floor tiles.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Industrial Analysis of Iba Oku Clay Deposit in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
AU  - Obotowo William Obot
AU  - Mfon Udo Obot
Y1  - 2021/09/27
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12
T2  - Applied Engineering
JF  - Applied Engineering
JO  - Applied Engineering
SP  - 44
EP  - 50
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7456
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20210502.12
AB  - In this work, clay sample excavated from Iba Oku community along Uyo Village road, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria was taken to the laboratory and analyzed using standard physico-chemical tests, for its industrial potentials. In the last thirty years or more, there have not been visible activities demanding clay in its various forms as input material in manufacturing activities in Akwa Ibom or even the adjoining States. The reason for this state of affairs may not be unconnected to either complete lack of information or research data on the abundant clays in Akwa Ibom State, particularly the Iba Oku clay. It is therefore in pursuant of the need to stimulate entrepreneurial interest, besides accumulating academic research data, that the current research became pertinent. The sample was first crushed, soaked and decanted, dried in an oven and then sieved. Thereafter, the plasticity, particle texture, grain volume, linear shrinkage, mineralogy and elemental composition were studied using various techniques. The clay sample is composed of the two minerals quartz (80%) and kaolinite (20%) and two dominant elements, silicon at 45.93 weight % and aluminum at 18.90 weight % both comprised approximately 65% weight content. Furthermore, particle textural distribution classifies the sample as inorganic clay soil, its determined plasticity index is 33.1%, porosity is 51.93%, linear shrinkage is 13% and grain volume is 12.82cm3. The findings show that clay sample from the study area is plastic, whitish to light pink colored, free of accessory mineral impurities, kaolinitic but with very high non-clay quartz content. This makes it suitable as raw material to obtain a triaxial ceramic when mixed with feldspar for industrial production of ceramic floor tiles.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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