International Journal of Chinese Medicine

| Peer-Reviewed |

Comparative Study of the Symptoms of Impending Human Heart, Kidney and Liver Failures Based on Blood Samples

Received: Dec. 13, 2016    Accepted: Jan. 03, 2017    Published: Mar. 17, 2017
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

While all the organs of the human body works together for the proper functioning of the entire human system, the significant roles played by the heart, kidney and liver in the lives of humans cannot be overemphasized. The heart, kidney and liver shares one thing in common, namely: the blood from where several parameters that defines the state of human health can be deduced or inferred. This paper is on the comparative study of the possible symptoms of impending human heart, kidney and liver failures based on blood samples that could be used to infer the state of human health with a view for the development of an online real-time electronic health (e-health) monitoring system. The comparative study considered in this work identified 19 vital measurable blood-related parameters that can be classified as follows: 1). Heart: heart beat, mean arterial blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure; 2). Kidney: packed cell volume/blood cells, erythropoietin, electrolyte Na+, electrolyte Cl-, electrolyte Ca2+, vitamin D; and 3). Liver: Ceratine, glucose fasting, glucose random, urea, direct bilirubin, total bilirubim (direct and indirect), ammonia level, alpha-feto protein. Detailed discussion on the functions, tests and diagnosis of each of heart, kidney and liver as well as the causes, symptoms, failures, consequences (acute or chronic adverse effects) are also presented. Finally, some preliminary medical advice and suggestions on possible ways to circumvent, reduce and/or manage any impending symptoms of failures of the heart, kidney and/or liver based on the nominal values as well as the minimum and maximum values of the mentioned 19 parameters are given.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11
Published in International Journal of Chinese Medicine ( Volume 1, Issue 2, April 2017 )
Page(s) 32-44
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Blood Samples, Comparative Study, E-health, Heart, Kidney, Liver, Measurable Blood-Related Parameters, Organ Failures

References
[1] P. Shaltis and M. Reisner, “PPG-based Blood pressure monitor with Novel Height sensor”. In Proceedings of 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS 06, New York, NY, USA, pp. 908–911, 2006.
[2] J. D. Newman and A. P. F. Turner, “Home blood glucose biosensor: A commercial perspective”, Biosens & Bioelectron, vol. 20, pp. 2435–2453, 2005.
[3] J. J. Buckley and M. O. Poliac, “Accuracy of radial artery blood pressure determination with the vasotrac”, Can. J. Anesth, vol. 46, pp. 488–496, 1999.
[4] T. G. Pickering, D. Shimbo and D. Hass, “Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring”, N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 354, pp. 2368–2374, 2006.
[5] B. Gribbin, A. Steptoe and P. Sleight, “Pulse wave velocity as a measure of blood pressure change”, Psychophysiology, vol. 3, pp. 86–90, 1976.
[6] National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, “Causes of heart failure”, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hf/causes.html.
[7] Mayo Clinic Health Systems, “Heart failures: symptoms, tests and diagnosis”, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20029801.
[8] H. Simon, “Heart failure overview”, Health Guide, New York Times Health, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/heart-failure/causes.html.
[9] WebMD Medical Reference, “Congestive heart failure: symptoms, causes and treatment”, Heart Disease Health Center, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide-heart-failure.
[10] The National Kidney Foundation (NKF 2014), “Test to measure kidney function, damage and detect abnormalities”, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneytests.
[11] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), “Kidney failure: What to expect”, National Institute of Health, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/expect/.
[12] Better Health Channel, “Kidney failure”, Kidney Foundation of Australia, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2014. Online [Available]: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Kidney_failure.
[13] Risk Factor and Life Options, “10 symptoms of kidney disease”, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://lifeoptions.org/kidneyinfo/ckdinfo.php?page=3.
[14] M. Ratini, “Understanding kidney disease: The basics”, WebMD Medical Reference, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-kidney-disease-basic-information.
[15] Mayo Clinic Health Systems, “Chronic kidney disease”, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-disease/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20026778.
[16] J. P. Cunha, “Chronic kidney disease”, eMedicine Health, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/acute_kidney_failure/page8_em.htm#acute_kidney_failure_diagnosis.
[17] H. Willacy, “Liver failure: Signs and symptoms”, PatientPlus, United Kingdom, Retrieved 14th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/liver-failure#.
[18] C. P. Davis, “Liver blood tests: Physical symptoms of depression”, MedicineNet.com, Retrieved 15th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.medicinenet.com/liver_blood_tests/page3.htm#what_do_high_elevated_liver_tests_ast_and_alt_mean.
[19] M. C. Stöppler, “Liver: Physical symptoms of depression”, MedicineNet.com, Retrieved 15th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.onhealth.com/liver/article.htm.
[20] WebMD LLC, “The liver (Human anatomy): Liver picture, definition, function, conditions, test, and treatments”, Digestive Disorder Health Center, WebMD Medical Reference, Retrieved 15th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-liver.
[21] S. K. Herrine, “Liver failure: Manifestation of liver disease”, The Merck Manual (Home Edition), August 2012, U. S. A., Retrieved 15th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver_and_gallbladder_disorders/manifestations_of_liver_disease/liver_failure.html.
[22] K. Johnson, “Liver failure: What causes liver failure?”, Digestive Disorders Health Center, WebMD LLC Medical Reference, Retrieved 15th Sept., 2015. Online [Available]: http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-liver-failure.
[23] J. Mant, A. AI-Mohammad, S. Swain and P. Laramee, “Guidline (2011): Development Group. Management of chronicle heart failure in adults”, Synopsis of the National Institute for Health Clinical Excellence Guideline. Ann Interm. Med; vol. 155, no. 4, pp. 252–259, 2011.
[24] L. I. Emmanuel and R. O. Bonow, “Care of patient with end-stage heart disease”, In; Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP Libby P, eds Braunwald’s Heart disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 9th ed. Philadelphia. Pa; Saunders Elsevier, Chapter 34, 2011.
[25] United States of America Department of Health and Human Services, “What you need to know”, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011, www.immunize.org/viz.10/14/2011.
[26] D. L. Franklin, W. Schlegel and R. F. Rushme, “Blood flow measured by Doppler frequency shift of back-scattered ultrasound, Science, vol. 134, pp. 564–565, 1961.
[27] D. Zakim, A. Boyer and D. Thomas, “Hepatology; A textbook of liver disease”, 4th ed. (in English), John-Wiley, 2002.
[28] Smithuis, Rubin (2014): “Anatomy of liver segment”, Available [Online]: http;//www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p4375bb8dc24ld/anatomy-of-the-liver-segment.html. Radiology Assistant.
[29] Kmiec Z (2001): “Cooperation of liver cells in health and disease”. Adv Anat Embryo Cell Biol 161; III-XIII, 1-151. PMID 11729749, 2001, Available [Online]: https;//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729749.
[30] H. Dieter, “Liver Regeneration”, De Gruyter, Berlin, 2011, http;//books.google.co.za/books?id=RJEg-p-9iqsc&pg=PA1.
[31] Y. Hao and R. Foster, “Wireless implantation sensors with advanced on-Body data processing”, NEAT Project FSE031 final Report; Technical Report, Queen Mary University of London, U. K., 2010, Available [Online]; http;//www.nihr-ccf.org.uk.
[32] L. Rong-Ho and C. Chun-Ling, “A hybrid diagnosis model for determining the types of the liver disease”, Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 40, pp. 665–670, 2010.
[33] D. Hill, K. C. Thomas, D. Zurakowski and P. C. Laussen, “A comparison of radial artery blood pressure determination between the vasotrac device and invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring in adolescents undergoing scoliosis surgery”, Anseth Analg. pp. 978–985, 2005.
[34] P. S. Hall and Y. Hao, “Antennas and propagation for body-centric wireless network”, 1st ed., Artech House, Boston, MA, U. S. A., 2006.
[35] Y. Hao and R. Foster, “Wireless body sensor networks for health monitoring applications”, Phys. Meas., vol. 29, pp. R27-R56, 2008.
[36] P. S. Ng, “A strategy for determination of systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures from oscillometric pulse profiles”, In Proceeding of Computers in Cardiology, Cambridge, MA, USA; pp. 211–214, 2000.
[37] Y. Hayashi, L. Livshits, A. Caduff and Y. Feldman, “Dielectric spectroscopy study of specific glucose influence on human erythrocyte membrances”, J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 36, pp. 369–374, 2003.
[38] A. Caduff and Y. Feldman, “Method and a device for measuring glucose”, U. S. Patient 11/070, 853, 2007
[39] K. A. Kumar and M. Punithavalli, “Efficient Cancer Classification using Fast Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (FANFIS) based on Statistical Techniques,” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 132–137, 2011.
[40] I. A. Agboizebeta and O. J. Chukwuyeni, “Application of neuro-fuzzy expert system for the probe and prognosis of thyroid disorder,” International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–8, 2012.
[41] T. O. Lim and Z. Morad, “Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the Malaysian adult population”, Singapore Medical Journal, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 20–27, 1996.
[42] E. P. Ephzibah and V. Sundarapandian, “An expert system for heart disease diagnosis using neuro-fuzzy technique”, International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 1, no. 1, 9–18, 2012.
[43] A. A. Abdullah, Z. Zakaria and N. F. Mohammad, “Design and Development of Fuzzy Expert System for Diagnosis of Hypertension,” In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation, pp. 113–117, 2011.
[44] A. M. Elseed, E. A. Shinebourne, M. C. Joseph, “Assessment of techniques for measurement of blood pressure in infant and children”, Dis. Child, vol. 48, pp. 932–936, 1973.
[45] A. Sieg, R. H. Guy and M. B. Delgado-Charro, “Noninvasive and minimally invasive methods for transdermal glucose monitoring”, Diabetes Technology. vol. 7, pp. 174–197, 2005.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Reginald A. O. Osakew, Vincent A. Akpan, Michael T. Babalola. (2017). Comparative Study of the Symptoms of Impending Human Heart, Kidney and Liver Failures Based on Blood Samples. International Journal of Chinese Medicine, 1(2), 32-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Reginald A. O. Osakew; Vincent A. Akpan; Michael T. Babalola. Comparative Study of the Symptoms of Impending Human Heart, Kidney and Liver Failures Based on Blood Samples. Int. J. Chin. Med. 2017, 1(2), 32-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Reginald A. O. Osakew, Vincent A. Akpan, Michael T. Babalola. Comparative Study of the Symptoms of Impending Human Heart, Kidney and Liver Failures Based on Blood Samples. Int J Chin Med. 2017;1(2):32-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11,
      author = {Reginald A. O. Osakew and Vincent A. Akpan and Michael T. Babalola},
      title = {Comparative Study of the Symptoms of Impending Human Heart, Kidney and Liver Failures Based on Blood Samples},
      journal = {International Journal of Chinese Medicine},
      volume = {1},
      number = {2},
      pages = {32-44},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcm.20170102.11},
      abstract = {While all the organs of the human body works together for the proper functioning of the entire human system, the significant roles played by the heart, kidney and liver in the lives of humans cannot be overemphasized. The heart, kidney and liver shares one thing in common, namely: the blood from where several parameters that defines the state of human health can be deduced or inferred. This paper is on the comparative study of the possible symptoms of impending human heart, kidney and liver failures based on blood samples that could be used to infer the state of human health with a view for the development of an online real-time electronic health (e-health) monitoring system. The comparative study considered in this work identified 19 vital measurable blood-related parameters that can be classified as follows: 1). Heart:  heart beat, mean arterial blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure; 2). Kidney:  packed cell volume/blood cells, erythropoietin, electrolyte Na+, electrolyte Cl-, electrolyte Ca2+, vitamin D; and 3). Liver:  Ceratine, glucose fasting, glucose random, urea, direct bilirubin, total bilirubim (direct and indirect), ammonia level, alpha-feto protein. Detailed discussion on the functions, tests and diagnosis of each of heart, kidney and liver as well as the causes, symptoms, failures, consequences (acute or chronic adverse effects) are also presented. Finally, some preliminary medical advice and suggestions on possible ways to circumvent, reduce and/or manage any impending symptoms of failures of the heart, kidney and/or liver based on the nominal values as well as the minimum and maximum values of the mentioned 19 parameters are given.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Comparative Study of the Symptoms of Impending Human Heart, Kidney and Liver Failures Based on Blood Samples
    AU  - Reginald A. O. Osakew
    AU  - Vincent A. Akpan
    AU  - Michael T. Babalola
    Y1  - 2017/03/17
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11
    T2  - International Journal of Chinese Medicine
    JF  - International Journal of Chinese Medicine
    JO  - International Journal of Chinese Medicine
    SP  - 32
    EP  - 44
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9473
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcm.20170102.11
    AB  - While all the organs of the human body works together for the proper functioning of the entire human system, the significant roles played by the heart, kidney and liver in the lives of humans cannot be overemphasized. The heart, kidney and liver shares one thing in common, namely: the blood from where several parameters that defines the state of human health can be deduced or inferred. This paper is on the comparative study of the possible symptoms of impending human heart, kidney and liver failures based on blood samples that could be used to infer the state of human health with a view for the development of an online real-time electronic health (e-health) monitoring system. The comparative study considered in this work identified 19 vital measurable blood-related parameters that can be classified as follows: 1). Heart:  heart beat, mean arterial blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure; 2). Kidney:  packed cell volume/blood cells, erythropoietin, electrolyte Na+, electrolyte Cl-, electrolyte Ca2+, vitamin D; and 3). Liver:  Ceratine, glucose fasting, glucose random, urea, direct bilirubin, total bilirubim (direct and indirect), ammonia level, alpha-feto protein. Detailed discussion on the functions, tests and diagnosis of each of heart, kidney and liver as well as the causes, symptoms, failures, consequences (acute or chronic adverse effects) are also presented. Finally, some preliminary medical advice and suggestions on possible ways to circumvent, reduce and/or manage any impending symptoms of failures of the heart, kidney and/or liver based on the nominal values as well as the minimum and maximum values of the mentioned 19 parameters are given.
    VL  - 1
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Physics Electronics, The Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria

  • Department of Physics Electronics, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

  • Department of Physics Electronics, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

  • Section