Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria

J. C. Akan; B. G. Kolo; B. S. Yikala; V. O. Ogugbuaja

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11

| Peer-Reviewed

Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria

J. C. Akan, B. G. Kolo, B. S. Yikala, V. O. Ogugbuaja

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 1, Issue 2)

Received: 3 April 2013 Accepted: Published: 2 April 2013

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The concentrations of some heavy metals and anions were determined in vegetable samples (spinach (Ama-ranth caudatus), lettuce (lactuca sativa), Cabbage (Brassica olemcea) and Onion (Allium cepa) which were freshly har-vested within four agricultural locations(Mirnga, Zira, Wangaga and Malang) in Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. Metal concentrations in the vegetable samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), while anions were determined by Smart spectrophotometer (model 2000). The results for vegetable samples showed that leaves contained much higher concentrations of heavy metals and anions than roots and stems.The concentrations of Cr detected in the vegetable samples ranged from 0.23 to 3.22mg/kg; 0.23 to 3.43mg/kg Mn; 0.23 to 3.45mg/kg Fe; 0.21 to 3.54mg/kg Ni; 0.25 to 4.56mg/kg Pb; 0.87 to 8.34mg/kg Zn; 0.34 to 5.44mg/kg Cd and 0.21 to 3.22mg/kg Cu. These val-ueswere higher than those recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the WHO/EU joint limits. The high levels of these heavy metals place the consumers of these vegetable crops grown within the study area at health risk with time unless an urgent step is taken by relevant agencies to address this issue.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 1, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11
Page(s)	40-46
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Heavy Metals, Anions, Vegetables, Accumulation, FAO

References

[1]	A.I.Ihekeronye, andP.O. Ngoddy, "Integral Food Science and technology for the Tropics.Macmillian Education Ltd. Oxford and London," p 293, 1985.
[2]	K.A. Yusuf, and S.O. Oluwole, "Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban city: A case study in Lagos,"Research Journal of Environmental Science, vol. 30, pp. 292-298 2009.
[3]	O. Sukreeyapongse, S. Panichsakpatana, and H. Hansen, "Transfer of heavy metals from sludge amended soil to vegetables and leachates" Paper Presented at the 17th World Congress of Soil Science (WCSS), 14th - 21st August 2002, Thailand. Symposium No 29, Paper No. 1969, 2002.
[4]	M.A.Radwan, and A.K. Salama, "Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables,"Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 1273–1278, 2006.
[5]	S.Khan, Q. Cao, Y.M. Zheng, Y.Z. Huang, and Y.G. Zhu, "Health risk of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with waste water in Beijing, China,"EnvironmentalPollution, vol. 152, no. 3, pp. 686–692, 2008.
[6]	C.S.C.Wong, X.D. Li, G. Zhang, S.H. Qi, and X.Z. Peng, "Atmospheric depositions of heavy metals in the Pearl River Delta, China," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 37, pp. 767-776, 2003.
[7]	A. Singh, R.K. Sharma, M. Agrawal, and F.M. Marshall, "Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India," Tropical Ecology, vol. 51, pp. 375-387, 2010.
[8]	R.K.Sharma, M. Agrawal, and F.M. Marshall, "Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi," Environmental Pollution, vol. pp. 154: 254-263, 2008a.
[9]	R.K. Sharma, M. Agrawal, and F.M. Marshall, "Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in Varanasi City, India,"Environmental Monitory Assessement, vol. 142, pp. 269-278, 2008b.
[10]	W. Haiyan, and A.O. Stuanes, "Heavy metal pollution in air-water-soil-plant system of zhuzhou city, hunan province, china,"Water Air and Soil Pollutution, vol.147, pp. 79-107, 2003.
[11]	M.Radojevic, and V.N.Bashkin, "Practical Environmental Analysis. The Royal Society Of Chemistry, Cambridge," p 466, 1999
[12]	AOAC."Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists.14th ed.Arlington, VA: The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc," pp. 444 453, 1994.
[13]	AOAC."Official methods of analysis ofthe Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Alexandria, VA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists," pp.432-444, 1998.
[14]	Santamaria, A. Elia, F. Serio, and E. Todaro, "A suevey of nitrate, metals and oxalate content inretail fresh vegetables,"Journal of Science Foodand Agriculture, vol. 79,pp. 1882-1888.1999.
[15]	M.A.N.Anikwe, and K.C.A.Nwobodo, "Long term effect of municipal waste disposalon soil properties and productivity of sites used for urban agriculture in Abakaliki, Nigeria,"Bioresources Technology, vol. 83, pp. 241-251, 2006.
[16]	C.M.A. Ademoroti, "Standard method for water and Effluents Analysis. Foludex pressLtd, Ibadan," pp.22-23, 44-54, 111-112, 1996.
[17]	S. Kocak, O. Tokusoglu, and S. Aycan, "Some heavy metal and trace essential elementdetection in canned vegetable foodstuffs by differential pulse polarography (DPP),"Electronic Journal of Environment and Agriculture and Food Chemistry,vol. 4, pp. 871-878, 2005.
[18]	Z. Y.Zhou, M. J. Wang, and J. S Wang, "Nitrate and nitrite contamination in vegetables inChina," Food Reviews International, vol. 16, pp. 61-76, 2000.
[19]	J. Hunt, and M. K. Turner, "A survey of nitrite concentrations in retail fresh vegetables,"Food Additive and Contaminations.vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 327-332, 1994.
[20]	D. N. Maynard, Barker, A. V. Minotti, and N. H. Peck, "Nitrate accumulation in vegetables,"Journal of Advance.Agronomy, vol.28, pp.71-118, 1978.
[21]	D. J. Cantliffe, "Nitrate accumulation in table beets and spinach as affected by nitrogen,phosphorous, and potassium nutrition and light intensity,"Agronomy Journal, vol. 65, pp. 563- 565, 1973b
[22]	S. D. Gangolli, P. A. Van Den Brandt, V. Feron, J. C. Janzowsky, J. H. Koeman, G. J. Speijers, A. Spiegelhalder,R. Walker, and J. S. Wishnok, "Assessment: nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosocompounds,"European Journal of Pharmacology Environmental Toxicology andPharmacology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–38, 1994.
[23]	FAO/WHO, "Evaluation of certain food Additives and Contaminants. Geneva, WorldHealth Organization, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, World Health OrganizationTechnical Report Series,"vol 859, pp.29–35, 1995.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

J. C. Akan, B. G. Kolo, B. S. Yikala, V. O. Ogugbuaja. (2013). Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 1(2), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

J. C. Akan; B. G. Kolo; B. S. Yikala; V. O. Ogugbuaja. Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2013, 1(2), 40-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

J. C. Akan, B. G. Kolo, B. S. Yikala, V. O. Ogugbuaja. Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2013;1(2):40-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11,
  author = {J. C. Akan and B. G. Kolo and B. S. Yikala and V. O. Ogugbuaja},
  title = {Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {40-46},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20130102.11},
  abstract = {The concentrations of some heavy metals and anions were determined in vegetable samples (spinach (Ama-ranth caudatus), lettuce (lactuca sativa), Cabbage (Brassica olemcea) and Onion (Allium cepa) which were freshly har-vested within four agricultural locations(Mirnga, Zira, Wangaga and Malang) in Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. Metal concentrations in the vegetable samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), while anions were determined by Smart spectrophotometer (model 2000). The results for vegetable samples showed that leaves contained much higher concentrations of heavy metals and anions than roots and stems.The concentrations of Cr detected in the vegetable samples ranged from 0.23 to 3.22mg/kg; 0.23 to 3.43mg/kg Mn; 0.23 to 3.45mg/kg Fe; 0.21 to 3.54mg/kg Ni; 0.25 to 4.56mg/kg Pb; 0.87 to 8.34mg/kg Zn; 0.34 to 5.44mg/kg Cd and 0.21 to 3.22mg/kg Cu. These val-ueswere higher than those recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the WHO/EU joint limits. The high levels of these heavy metals place the consumers of these vegetable crops grown within the study area at health risk with time unless an urgent step is taken by relevant agencies to address this issue.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria
AU - J. C. Akan
AU - B. G. Kolo
AU - B. S. Yikala
AU - V. O. Ogugbuaja
Y1 - 2013/04/02
PY - 2013
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11
DO - 10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11
T2 - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP - 40
EP - 46
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2328-7667
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11
AB - The concentrations of some heavy metals and anions were determined in vegetable samples (spinach (Ama-ranth caudatus), lettuce (lactuca sativa), Cabbage (Brassica olemcea) and Onion (Allium cepa) which were freshly har-vested within four agricultural locations(Mirnga, Zira, Wangaga and Malang) in Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. Metal concentrations in the vegetable samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), while anions were determined by Smart spectrophotometer (model 2000). The results for vegetable samples showed that leaves contained much higher concentrations of heavy metals and anions than roots and stems.The concentrations of Cr detected in the vegetable samples ranged from 0.23 to 3.22mg/kg; 0.23 to 3.43mg/kg Mn; 0.23 to 3.45mg/kg Fe; 0.21 to 3.54mg/kg Ni; 0.25 to 4.56mg/kg Pb; 0.87 to 8.34mg/kg Zn; 0.34 to 5.44mg/kg Cd and 0.21 to 3.22mg/kg Cu. These val-ueswere higher than those recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the WHO/EU joint limits. The high levels of these heavy metals place the consumers of these vegetable crops grown within the study area at health risk with time unless an urgent step is taken by relevant agencies to address this issue.
VL - 1
IS - 2
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

J. C. Akan

Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
B. G. Kolo

Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
B. S. Yikala

Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
V. O. Ogugbuaja

Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

J. C. Akan, B. G. Kolo, B. S. Yikala, V. O. Ogugbuaja. (2013). Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 1(2), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

J. C. Akan; B. G. Kolo; B. S. Yikala; V. O. Ogugbuaja. Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2013, 1(2), 40-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

J. C. Akan, B. G. Kolo, B. S. Yikala, V. O. Ogugbuaja. Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2013;1(2):40-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11,
  author = {J. C. Akan and B. G. Kolo and B. S. Yikala and V. O. Ogugbuaja},
  title = {Determinations of Some Heavy Metals in Vegetable Samples from Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {40-46},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130102.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20130102.11},
  abstract = {The concentrations of some heavy metals and anions were determined in vegetable samples (spinach (Ama-ranth caudatus), lettuce (lactuca sativa), Cabbage (Brassica olemcea) and Onion (Allium cepa) which were freshly har-vested within four agricultural locations(Mirnga, Zira, Wangaga and Malang) in Biu Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. Metal concentrations in the vegetable samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), while anions were determined by Smart spectrophotometer (model 2000). The results for vegetable samples showed that leaves contained much higher concentrations of heavy metals and anions than roots and stems.The concentrations of Cr detected in the vegetable samples ranged from 0.23 to 3.22mg/kg; 0.23 to 3.43mg/kg Mn; 0.23 to 3.45mg/kg Fe; 0.21 to 3.54mg/kg Ni; 0.25 to 4.56mg/kg Pb; 0.87 to 8.34mg/kg Zn; 0.34 to 5.44mg/kg Cd and 0.21 to 3.22mg/kg Cu. These val-ueswere higher than those recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the WHO/EU joint limits. The high levels of these heavy metals place the consumers of these vegetable crops grown within the study area at health risk with time unless an urgent step is taken by relevant agencies to address this issue.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download