Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy

Jitendra Kumar Barthakur

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11

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Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy

Jitendra Kumar Barthakur

Published in American Journal of Modern Physics (Volume 4, Issue 5)

Received: 6 July 2015 Accepted: 21 July 2015 Published: 30 July 2015

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Abstract

Background: The gas laws assert that at “absolute zero” or 0 K, the gaseousness of the gases ends. Experimentally, gases become liquid or solid at 0 K. However, (i) 0 K is not the lowest limit of temperature; and (ii) at 0 K, the value of entropy is not zero. Activity continues at 0 K. There is (a) “Zero-point” energy; (b) the principle of “indeterminacy” holds; (c) 0 K is not the lower limit of “critical points” of the fluids and solids phases; (d) the structures of atoms comport in “clusters”; (e) electronic energy “mismatch” in superconductivity; and other phenomena stand against zero entropy at 0K. Purpose: Dissipation of matter means dissipation of energy. It may be possible to harvest the dissipating energy at below 0 K temperature for the use of human beings. Method: A number of statistical equations anchor at zero entropy at 0K. This anchor is arbitrary. At 0 K, gas stays as liquid, solid or plasma. Argumentatively, much below that temperature there is liquid–limit–temperature (LLT) where all liquids become solids or plasma. Below LLT, there is solid–limit-temperature (SLT) where freeze decay of matter sets in. At SLT, the articles and sub-particles constituting an atom dance away in to space. Result: Matter exists in the range between very cold temperature and very hot temperature. When matter dissipates then energy disperses with the dissipating matter. Conclusion: Laboratories need to reach the SLT temperature empirically and find means to harvest the dissipating energy.

Published in	American Journal of Modern Physics (Volume 4, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11
Page(s)	217-220
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Gas-Limit-Temperature, Liquid-Limit-Temperature, Solid-Limit-Temperature, Dissipation of Matter, Freeze-Decay

References

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[3]	R. Larson, and B. H. Bruce, Calculus, 9th ed., 2009.
[4]	R. A. Adam, and C. Essex, Calculus, A Complete Course, 2009.
[5]	J. K. Barthakur, "Existential Theory of Time, Special Issue: Physics of Time: Theory and Experiment," American Journal of Modern Physics, Vol. 4, pp. 19-25, 2015.
[6]	J. K. Barthakur, "Limit of Low Temperature, Freeze Decay," Essays in the Year of Physics, 2005.
[7]	J. K. Barthakur, "The Limitation in the Concept of Space Time Continuum", Indian Science Congress Association, The 89th Congress held in Lucknow, 2002.
[8]	J. K. Barthakur, Theory of Time, Indian Philosophical Quarterly, 1995.
[9]	J. K. Barthakur, "Black Hole Should Not Exist", Indian Science Congress Association, The 90th Congress held in Bangaluru, 2003.
[10]	S. Braun et al. Negative Absolute Temperature for Motional Degrees of Freedom,Science 339, 52-55 (2013).
[11]	A. Rapp, S.Mandt, and A.Rosch, Equilibration Rates and Negative Absolute Temperatures for Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 220405 (2010).
[12]	S. Mandt, A. Rapp, and A. Rosch, Interacting Fermionic Atoms in Optical Lattices Diffuse Symmetrically Upwards and Downwards in a Gravitational Potential, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 250602 (2011).
[13]	P. Medley, D. M. Weld, H. Miyake, D. E. Pritchard, and W.Ketterle, Spin Gradient Demagnetization Cooling of Ultracold Atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 195301 (2011).

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Jitendra Kumar Barthakur. (2015). Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy. American Journal of Modern Physics, 4(5), 217-220. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11

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ACS Style

Jitendra Kumar Barthakur. Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy. Am. J. Mod. Phys. 2015, 4(5), 217-220. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11

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AMA Style

Jitendra Kumar Barthakur. Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy. Am J Mod Phys. 2015;4(5):217-220. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11,
  author = {Jitendra Kumar Barthakur},
  title = {Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy},
  journal = {American Journal of Modern Physics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {5},
  pages = {217-220},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmp.20150405.11},
  abstract = {Background: The gas laws assert that at “absolute zero” or 0 K, the gaseousness of the gases ends. Experimentally, gases become liquid or solid at 0 K. However, (i) 0 K is not the lowest limit of temperature; and (ii) at 0 K, the value of entropy is not zero. Activity continues at 0 K. There is (a) “Zero-point” energy; (b) the principle of “indeterminacy” holds; (c) 0 K is not the lower limit of “critical points” of the fluids and solids phases; (d) the structures of atoms comport in “clusters”; (e) electronic energy “mismatch” in superconductivity; and other phenomena stand against zero entropy at 0K. Purpose: Dissipation of matter means dissipation of energy. It may be possible to harvest the dissipating energy at below 0 K temperature for the use of human beings. Method: A number of statistical equations anchor at zero entropy at 0K. This anchor is arbitrary. At 0 K, gas stays as liquid, solid or plasma. Argumentatively, much below that temperature there is liquid–limit–temperature (LLT) where all liquids become solids or plasma. Below LLT, there is solid–limit-temperature (SLT) where freeze decay of matter sets in. At SLT, the articles and sub-particles constituting an atom dance away in to space. Result: Matter exists in the range between very cold temperature and very hot temperature. When matter dissipates then energy disperses with the dissipating matter. Conclusion: Laboratories need to reach the SLT temperature empirically and find means to harvest the dissipating energy.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy
AU  - Jitendra Kumar Barthakur
Y1  - 2015/07/30
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11
T2  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JF  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JO  - American Journal of Modern Physics
SP  - 217
EP  - 220
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-8891
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11
AB  - Background: The gas laws assert that at “absolute zero” or 0 K, the gaseousness of the gases ends. Experimentally, gases become liquid or solid at 0 K. However, (i) 0 K is not the lowest limit of temperature; and (ii) at 0 K, the value of entropy is not zero. Activity continues at 0 K. There is (a) “Zero-point” energy; (b) the principle of “indeterminacy” holds; (c) 0 K is not the lower limit of “critical points” of the fluids and solids phases; (d) the structures of atoms comport in “clusters”; (e) electronic energy “mismatch” in superconductivity; and other phenomena stand against zero entropy at 0K. Purpose: Dissipation of matter means dissipation of energy. It may be possible to harvest the dissipating energy at below 0 K temperature for the use of human beings. Method: A number of statistical equations anchor at zero entropy at 0K. This anchor is arbitrary. At 0 K, gas stays as liquid, solid or plasma. Argumentatively, much below that temperature there is liquid–limit–temperature (LLT) where all liquids become solids or plasma. Below LLT, there is solid–limit-temperature (SLT) where freeze decay of matter sets in. At SLT, the articles and sub-particles constituting an atom dance away in to space. Result: Matter exists in the range between very cold temperature and very hot temperature. When matter dissipates then energy disperses with the dissipating matter. Conclusion: Laboratories need to reach the SLT temperature empirically and find means to harvest the dissipating energy.
VL  - 4
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Jitendra Kumar Barthakur

Department of Statistics, Nutech Mediworld, Green Park Extension, New Delhi, India

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APA Style

Jitendra Kumar Barthakur. (2015). Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy. American Journal of Modern Physics, 4(5), 217-220. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11

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ACS Style

Jitendra Kumar Barthakur. Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy. Am. J. Mod. Phys. 2015, 4(5), 217-220. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11

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AMA Style

Jitendra Kumar Barthakur. Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy. Am J Mod Phys. 2015;4(5):217-220. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11,
  author = {Jitendra Kumar Barthakur},
  title = {Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy},
  journal = {American Journal of Modern Physics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {5},
  pages = {217-220},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmp.20150405.11},
  abstract = {Background: The gas laws assert that at “absolute zero” or 0 K, the gaseousness of the gases ends. Experimentally, gases become liquid or solid at 0 K. However, (i) 0 K is not the lowest limit of temperature; and (ii) at 0 K, the value of entropy is not zero. Activity continues at 0 K. There is (a) “Zero-point” energy; (b) the principle of “indeterminacy” holds; (c) 0 K is not the lower limit of “critical points” of the fluids and solids phases; (d) the structures of atoms comport in “clusters”; (e) electronic energy “mismatch” in superconductivity; and other phenomena stand against zero entropy at 0K. Purpose: Dissipation of matter means dissipation of energy. It may be possible to harvest the dissipating energy at below 0 K temperature for the use of human beings. Method: A number of statistical equations anchor at zero entropy at 0K. This anchor is arbitrary. At 0 K, gas stays as liquid, solid or plasma. Argumentatively, much below that temperature there is liquid–limit–temperature (LLT) where all liquids become solids or plasma. Below LLT, there is solid–limit-temperature (SLT) where freeze decay of matter sets in. At SLT, the articles and sub-particles constituting an atom dance away in to space. Result: Matter exists in the range between very cold temperature and very hot temperature. When matter dissipates then energy disperses with the dissipating matter. Conclusion: Laboratories need to reach the SLT temperature empirically and find means to harvest the dissipating energy.},
 year = {2015}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Limit of Low Temperatures, Freeze Decay, Dissipation of Matter, Harvest of Cold Energy
AU  - Jitendra Kumar Barthakur
Y1  - 2015/07/30
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11
T2  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JF  - American Journal of Modern Physics
JO  - American Journal of Modern Physics
SP  - 217
EP  - 220
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-8891
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20150405.11
AB  - Background: The gas laws assert that at “absolute zero” or 0 K, the gaseousness of the gases ends. Experimentally, gases become liquid or solid at 0 K. However, (i) 0 K is not the lowest limit of temperature; and (ii) at 0 K, the value of entropy is not zero. Activity continues at 0 K. There is (a) “Zero-point” energy; (b) the principle of “indeterminacy” holds; (c) 0 K is not the lower limit of “critical points” of the fluids and solids phases; (d) the structures of atoms comport in “clusters”; (e) electronic energy “mismatch” in superconductivity; and other phenomena stand against zero entropy at 0K. Purpose: Dissipation of matter means dissipation of energy. It may be possible to harvest the dissipating energy at below 0 K temperature for the use of human beings. Method: A number of statistical equations anchor at zero entropy at 0K. This anchor is arbitrary. At 0 K, gas stays as liquid, solid or plasma. Argumentatively, much below that temperature there is liquid–limit–temperature (LLT) where all liquids become solids or plasma. Below LLT, there is solid–limit-temperature (SLT) where freeze decay of matter sets in. At SLT, the articles and sub-particles constituting an atom dance away in to space. Result: Matter exists in the range between very cold temperature and very hot temperature. When matter dissipates then energy disperses with the dissipating matter. Conclusion: Laboratories need to reach the SLT temperature empirically and find means to harvest the dissipating energy.
VL  - 4
IS  - 5
ER  -

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