A Comparative Study on the Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Activities of the Ethanol and Petroleum Ether Extracts of the Leaves of Albizia Lebbeck and Its Mistletoe
Uzama Danlami,
Envuladu Patience Elisha
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2017
Pages:
13-18
Received:
15 August 2016
Accepted:
1 September 2016
Published:
21 March 2017
Abstract: A Comparative study on the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the leaves of Albizia lebbeck and its mistletoe was carried out. The phytochemical screening was carried out by adopting standard methods. Agar well diffusion method was employed for the antibacterial and antifungal screenings of the extracts of the leaves of Albizia lebbeck and its mistletoe. The phytochemical screening results revealed the presence of flavonoids, quinone, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinone and steroids in the ethanol extract of Albizia lebbeck leaves while the ethanol extract of the mistletoe leaves revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, quinone, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinones and steroids. The petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Albizia lebbeck revealed the presence of terpenoids, anthraquinone and steroids, while the petroleum ether extract of the mistletoe leaves revealed the presence of saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinone and steroids. For the antibacterial activities screening the results revealed the ethanol extract of the mistletoe leaves to have greater zone of inhibition in Salmonella typhi (16 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Escherichia coli (15 mm) than the ethanol extract of the Albizia lebbeck leaves in Salmonella typhi (14 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (16 mm) and Escherichia coli (13 mm). For the petroleum ether extracts, the extract of the mistletoe leaves have greater zone of inhibition also in Salmonella typhi (16 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Escherichia coli (14 mm) than the extract of the Albizialebbeck leaves in Salmonella typhi (13 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm) and Escherichia coli (13 mm). For the antifungal activities screening, the results revealed the ethanol extract of the mistletoe leaves to have greater zone of inhibition in Aspergillus fumigatus (16 mm), Aspergillus niger (14 mm), Fusarium oxysforum (9 mm) than the ethanol extract of Albizia lebbeck leaves in Aspergillus fumigatus (14 mm), Aspergillus niger (13 mm) and Fusarium oxysforum (8 mm). For the petroleum ether extracts, the extracts of the mistletoe leaves have greater zone of inhibition in Aspergillus niger, while the extract of the Albizia lebbeck leaves have greater zone of inhibition in Aspergillus fumigatus but they both have the same zone of inhibition in Fusarium oxysforum (7 mm). Generally, the results of the antimicrobial screening showed the extracts of the leaves of the mistletoe to be more active than the leaves of the Albizia lebbeck. The leaf extracts of Albizia lebbeck and mistletoe are useful phytodrugs which possess both antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Abstract: A Comparative study on the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the leaves of Albizia lebbeck and its mistletoe was carried out. The phytochemical screening was carried out by adopting standard methods. Agar well diffusion method was employed for the antibacterial and antifungal sc...
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Characterization of the Physicochemical, Structural, and Thermal Properties of Zinc Chloride After the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
William Dean Plikerd,
Peter L. Surguy,
Robert John Kock,
Rolando Baptista Piedad,
Russell Phillip Callas,
Sakina A. Ansari,
Sandra Lee Barrett,
Sara Friedman,
Steven Lee Christie,
Su-Mei Chen Liu,
Susan Elizabeth Starling,
Susan Jones,
Susan Mardis Allen,
Susanne Kathrin Wasmus,
Terry Ann Benczik,
Thomas Charles Slade,
Thomas Orban,
Victoria L. Vannes,
Victoria Margot Schlosser,
Yusif Sarkis Yamin Albino,
Parthasarathi Panda,
Kalyan Kumar Sethi,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2017
Pages:
19-28
Received:
27 February 2017
Accepted:
13 March 2017
Published:
14 April 2017
Abstract: Zinc chloride is used as a source of zinc in various pharmaceutical/nutraceutical formulations. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of The Trivedi Effect® - Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Treatment) on physical, structural, thermal, and behavioral properties of zinc chloride using PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis, and DSC analysis. Zinc chloride was divided into two parts – one part was control, while another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as the Biofield Energy Treated sample. A significant alteration of the crystallite size and relative intensities of the PXRD peaks was observed in The Trivedi Effect® treated sample compared with the control sample. The average crystallite size of the treated sample was significantly increased by 16.43% compared with the control sample. The particles size values of the treated sample at d10 was decreased by 2.42%, whereas at d50, and d90 it was increased slightly by 0.43%, and 0.57%, respectively compared to the control sample. Therefore, the surface area of the treated sample was increased by 1.63% compared with the control sample. The FT-IR spectroscopic analysis revealed that Zn-Cl stretching in the control sample was found at 511 cm-1, whereas it was shifted downward to 508 cm-1 in the treated sample. The UV-vis analysis exhibited that wavelength of the maximum absorbance (λmax) of the control and treated samples were at 196.4 nm and 196.2 nm, respectively. The DSC analysis exhibited that the melting temperature was not altered significantly, while the decomposition temperature was increased by 0.45% in the treated sample compared to the control sample. The latent heat of fusion of the treated sample (402.09 J/g) was significantly increased by 29.78% compared with the control sample (309.83 J/g). Similarly, the enthalpy of decomposition of the treated sample (243.13 J/g) was significantly decreased by 61.18% compared with the control sample (626.37 J/g). This indicated that the thermal stability of the treated sample might be improved compared to the control sample. The current study anticipated that the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might lead to produce a new polymorphic form of zinc chloride, which would be more soluble, bioavailable, and thermally more stable compared with the control sample. Hence, the treated zinc chloride would be very useful to design better nutraceutical/pharmaceutical formulations that might offer better therapeutic response against immunological disorders, inflammatory diseases, stress, aging, cancer, etc.
Abstract: Zinc chloride is used as a source of zinc in various pharmaceutical/nutraceutical formulations. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of The Trivedi Effect® - Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Treatment) on physical, structural, thermal, and behavioral properties of zinc chloride using PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV...
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