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Detection of Extended Spectrum B-Lactamases Among Bacteria Isolated from Snacks Sold Within Kaduna State Metropolis Northwest Nigeria
Edward Deborah Shetu,
Muhammad Yusha`u,
Auwalu Uba,
Ogboi Johnbull Sonny,
Edward Isaac Usman
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
84-89
Received:
11 February 2017
Accepted:
21 April 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: Extended spectrumβ-lactamses (ESBL) are a group of plasmid mediated, diverse, complex, and rapidly evolving enzymes that are posing a major therapeutic challenge today in the treatment of hospitalized and community patients. Due to non-regulation of snacks, people are exposed to pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study is to detect extended spectrum β-lactamases among bacteria isolates from snack foods sold in Kaduna metropolis Nigeria. A total of 144 samples comprising of meat-pie, doughnut, egg-roll, buns, samosa, burger and pizza were cultured on blood agar, McConkey agar and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Defficient Agar, for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. The isolated organisms were subjected to biochemical tests for identification using standard procedures. The isolates were screened for Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) production using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) break point using ceftriazone (30µg) and cefotaxime (30µg). Suspected ESBLs producing organisms from screening tests were subjected to double disc synergy test (DDST) for confirmation and standard discs of Augmentin (30µg). Out of the 144 snack samples analysed, 24 Gram negative entericbacteria were isolated and these includes: Citrobacter freundii 6(25%), Echerichia coli 1(4.2%), Enterobacter sp. 2(8.3%), Klebsiella pneumonia 7(29.2%), Proteus mirabilis 1(4.2%), Serratia marcenscens 4(16.7%), Morganella morganii 1(4.2%), providencia sp. 1(4.2%) and Shigella sp. 1(4.2%). Detection of ESBL among Gram-negative isolates based on CLSI revealed that 16(66.7%) of the isolates were ESBL producers while 37.5% were confirmed as ESBLs producers using Double Disc Synergy Test. Statistically, there was a significant relationship between the different beta-lactamases producing isolates (P<0.05). It also showed a significant relationship between the occurrences of beta-lactamase producing isolates among the different snacks (P<0.05) This study indicated that snack foods can be contaminated by ESBLs producing bacteria and may result to infections following consumption by humans which have public health implications for the general public.
Abstract: Extended spectrumβ-lactamses (ESBL) are a group of plasmid mediated, diverse, complex, and rapidly evolving enzymes that are posing a major therapeutic challenge today in the treatment of hospitalized and community patients. Due to non-regulation of snacks, people are exposed to pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study is to detect extended spect...
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Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Among Paediatric Patients with Hearing Loss Attending National Ear Care Centre Kaduna Northwest Nigeria
Edward Isaac Usman,
Elayo Salihu,
Ogboi Johnbull Sunny,
Musa Abdullahi Maikano,
Edward Deborah Shetu,
Shallangwa Bata Ishaku,
Meshubi Florence,
Isaac Agyigra
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
90-95
Received:
11 February 2017
Accepted:
7 March 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: Cytomegalovirus cause viral congenital infection at any stage of pregnancy leading to congenital defects, which can either be primary or recurrent and hearing loss is one of the common congenital CMV infection occurring in 10-15% of infected children. This study, therefore examined the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among paediatric patients with hearing loss attending National Ear Care Centre Kaduna northwest Nigeria. A total of 77 samples was collected from patients aged between 0-13 years, diagnosed of hearing impairment and screened for Cytomegalovirus IgG and IgM specific antibodies using ELISA method at National Ear Care Centre Kaduna State North West Nigeria. Among the 77 (100%) patients screened, 35 (45.5%) were male, while 42 (54.5%) were female with mean age (2.04). The study reveavled that, of the total numbers screened, 62 (80.5%) were IgG specific antibodies positive, while 15 (19.5%) were IgG specific antibodies negative, and none of the patient were positive for IgM specific antibodies. the result of patients based on their gender status show male patients 21 (60%) were positive while 14 (40%) were negative for CMV IgG specific antibodies. The female is 33 (78.5%) positive and 9 (21.4%) negative for CMV IgG specific antibodies. The findings hearing impairment is associated with cytomegalosvirus showing statistically significant in IgG specific antibodies (P<0.05), while in IgM it is not statistically significant. Therefore CMV infection is prevalent among patients with Hearing impairment and affect the social economic and political status of the patients.
Abstract: Cytomegalovirus cause viral congenital infection at any stage of pregnancy leading to congenital defects, which can either be primary or recurrent and hearing loss is one of the common congenital CMV infection occurring in 10-15% of infected children. This study, therefore examined the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among paediatric patients wit...
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Isolation of Enteric Bacteria from Hawked “Kunun-Zaki” in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State
Katuka Yashim Blessed,
Anthony John Dadah,
Auwalu Uba
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
96-98
Received:
16 February 2017
Accepted:
11 March 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: Two hundred samples of freshly formulated Kunun-zaki, a locally fermented non-alcoholic cereal beverages were obtained from local hawkers in five (5) different locations in Chikun Local Government of Kaduna State, Nigeria and screened for enteric bacteria. They were analyzed using the Spread Plate Method. The pH of the samples ranged between 3.00 -7.50 and total bacterial count ranged between 2.0 × 104 – 9.0×105 cfu/ml. The microorganisms recovered were Esherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis and Citrobacter freundii. The frequency of the occurrence of the isolated bacteria were: Citrobacter freundii 14 (58%) Esherichia coli 3 (13%) Proteus mirabilis 5 (21%)) and Proteus vulgaris 2 (8%). The percentage of contamination in each location is as follows: Television 20%, Sabon-Tasha 15%, Mararaban-rido 12.5%, Kujama 7.5%, and Narayi 5%. There was a significant difference in the rate of contamination (P > 0.05). The presence of these bacteria may be a serious health concern as these organisms are involved in causing various diseases. Therefore, hygienic measures should be taken in processing and handling of the product being sold to general public.
Abstract: Two hundred samples of freshly formulated Kunun-zaki, a locally fermented non-alcoholic cereal beverages were obtained from local hawkers in five (5) different locations in Chikun Local Government of Kaduna State, Nigeria and screened for enteric bacteria. They were analyzed using the Spread Plate Method. The pH of the samples ranged between 3.00 -...
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Frequency of Serological Markers of Chlamydia trachomatis in Cases of Ectopic Pregnancy in Antananarivo Madagascar
Randriamahazo Rakotomalala Toky,
Anjaharisoniaina Narindra Tatiana,
Razafindraibe Andriatompoina Felanarivo,
Andrianampanalinarivo Rakotovao Hery,
Rasamindrakotroka Andry
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
99-103
Received:
5 July 2017
Accepted:
4 August 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacteria responsible of the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease worldwide, causing severe tubal damage responsible of ectopic pregnancy. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of chlamydia in women with ectopic pregnancy ruptured in a reference hospital of capital town of Madagascar. Patients and methods: This is a transversal and descriptive study of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis IgG cases among ectopic pregnancy seen at the University Hospital of Obstetrics Gynecology Befelatanana (CHUGOB) from 01 February to 30 May 2015. Results: During the study period, we recorded 41 cases with a overall rate of ectopic pregnancy of 2.04% when reported to the total number of deliveries. (n: 2347)The average age of patients was 30.50 years with predominance in primiparous (66%). More than half of the patients had at least one risk factor and 90% had a history of abortion induced and spontaneous miscarriage. The frequency of positive Chlamydia trachomatis IgG is 20.83% (n: 10) among which 7 presented pathological fallopian tube. Conclusion: The best way to avoid complications is precocious screening, but the cost of the screening tests remains an obstacle in developing countries like Madagascar.
Abstract: Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacteria responsible of the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease worldwide, causing severe tubal damage responsible of ectopic pregnancy. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of chlamydia in women with ectopic pregnancy ruptured in a reference hospital of capital town of Madagascar. Pat...
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Brain-Choroid Plexus Chemistry Changes Linkable to Caffeine Ingestion and Accompanying Short-Term Memory Disturbances in Experimental Models
Owolabi Joshua Oladele,
Olatunji Sunday Yinka,
Olanrewaju John Afees,
Jimoh-Enesi Queen Amina
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
104-111
Received:
31 August 2017
Accepted:
25 September 2017
Published:
26 October 2017
Abstract: A number of literatures have reported that caffeine could have negative effects on mental health and brain structures and chemistry. There are also reported positive effects of caffeine, such as improvement in memory, especially for those who consume caffeine from its natural sources. Sixty male juvenile Wistar rats were grouped into six (6) groups of 10 rats in each. The groups were labeled A-F with group A being the control group and groups B, C, D, E, and F being the treated groups. This investigation complements our previous efforts to study the effects of caffeine on the choroid plexus microscopic structure, which is involved in the production of the cerebrospinal fluids. Caffeine alters the activities of key enzymes that are associated with the production of CSF. This showed that the structural changes have observable alterations of the brain chemistry. Also, memory, a major attribute of mental power was tested in the same models; results showed that caffeine affected the short term memories. The effects of caffeine was studied in models that ingested caffeine solely and in other modeled after human use by consuming it with honey, a natural antioxidant rich sweetener. In this study, it was observed that the long-term consumption and high amount of caffeine increased the expression of carbonic anhydrase enzyme in the choroid plexus, this enzyme plays a major role in the production of CSF. In the caffeine-treated rats, there was also increased expression of Na+/K+-ATPase which may be associated with changes in the choroid epithelial cells. Honey improved the glutathione peroxidase level. Results showed the use of caffeine with honey had positive effects against the observed effects caused by ingestion of caffeine only. This also showed that caffeine use effects would vary in users of pure caffeine as mere drugs; and habitual consumers as beverages. Generally, evidences lead us to conclude that alterations in enzymes activities are associated with choroid plexus changes that could affect CSF production. These effects are also associated with behavioural changes.
Abstract: A number of literatures have reported that caffeine could have negative effects on mental health and brain structures and chemistry. There are also reported positive effects of caffeine, such as improvement in memory, especially for those who consume caffeine from its natural sources. Sixty male juvenile Wistar rats were grouped into six (6) groups...
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