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Preparation and Performance Evaluation of a Composite Crosslinking Agent
Sun Lei,
Zhang Guiqing,
Xu Hongzhi,
Hao Zhiwei,
Xia Ye
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, June 2018
Pages:
71-77
Received:
18 April 2018
Accepted:
3 May 2018
Published:
22 May 2018
Abstract: A water-soluble phenolic resin composite crosslinking agent was synthesized by the combination of water-soluble phenolic resin and metal ions promote cross-linking agent. The water-soluble excellent multi-methylol phenolic resin was synthesized by two-step method, followed by addition of an appropriate amount of metal ions to improve their gelling properties. The two-step method could promote the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde, so the main product was multi-methylol phenolic resin. The introduction of metal ions promoted cross-linking agent to make excellent gelling properties. This new kind of crosslinking agent was odor less, low toxicity, and efficient. Based on this kind of water-soluble phenolic resin composite crosslinking agent, the partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide showed good gelling properties. The minimum amount of cross-linking agent was 0.1% with high gelling strength; its gelation temperature could be adjusted from 60°C-120°C and its gelling time could be controlled between 8h and 48h. The stability of gel system was more than 60 days. The composite crosslinking agent has great prospects in the field of oilfield water shutoff profile.
Abstract: A water-soluble phenolic resin composite crosslinking agent was synthesized by the combination of water-soluble phenolic resin and metal ions promote cross-linking agent. The water-soluble excellent multi-methylol phenolic resin was synthesized by two-step method, followed by addition of an appropriate amount of metal ions to improve their gelling ...
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Esterification Between Citric acid and Pumpkin Pips’ Organic Molecules – Esters Hydrolysis And Esters Used as Hydrocarbons Additives
Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara,
Paulin Merix Raharilaza,
Nambinina Richard Randriana
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, June 2018
Pages:
78-95
Received:
20 May 2018
Accepted:
7 June 2018
Published:
10 July 2018
Abstract: Commonly, organicians used various technical like pressurized extraction, solvent extraction to extract essential oils and to isolate thereafter organics molecules in a vegetable organism. This new method consisted in extracting selectively and directly the organic molecules present in a vegetable organism, in this case the organic molecules present in pumpkin pips by esterification with citric acid molecules which were not only esterified by the alcohols and amines functions of the organic molecules present in the vegetable organism but also they esterified, by its alcohol functions, the acid function of the organic molecules present in the same vegetable organism. Operating conditions and procedure were taken into account and these allow us to reach an esterification rate equals to 72.80% at the most. Thus, esters of citric acid and esters of organic molecules’ acid present in the pumpkin pips in quantities but also with quality were obtained. The presence of xanthophyll esters, riboflavin esters, citric acid esters, well quality fatty-acid esters and probably amides of citric acid molecules were certain. That led us to do auto-inflammation tests of hydrocarbons (Super-Gasoil-Fueloil) with esters of pumpkin pips’ organic molecules as additives. Finally, trying to separate the organic molecules having been esterified or esterifying with the citric acid molecules, hydrolysis reaction tests were carried out with a regeneration rate of citric acid molecules equal to 36.50% compared with the initial citric acid molecules quantities and 50.14% compared with the total ester quantity of the sample. The extraction of pumpkin pips’ organic molecules like xanthophyll, riboflavin, well quality fatty-acids and probably other interesting organic molecules according to the bibliography were certain.
Abstract: Commonly, organicians used various technical like pressurized extraction, solvent extraction to extract essential oils and to isolate thereafter organics molecules in a vegetable organism. This new method consisted in extracting selectively and directly the organic molecules present in a vegetable organism, in this case the organic molecules presen...
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Inventory of Microbiological Water Quality from Some Boreholes in Zinder Region in the Republic of Niger
Salifou Issa,
Sèmiyou Ayélé Osseni,
Adamou Zanguina,
Ibrahim Natatou,
Mousa Boukari,
Daouda Mama,
Dominique Sohounhloué
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, June 2018
Pages:
96-101
Received:
1 June 2018
Accepted:
21 June 2018
Published:
18 July 2018
Abstract: The present work deals with the current microbiological status of boreholes found in Zinder region in the Republic of Niger. The study is centered on thirty (30) holes selected to monitor the variation in the microbiological quality of the water. For that the parameters studied are total coliforms, faecal coliforms and E-coli. From these parameters is calculated the microbiological quality index (MQI) by Bovesse and Depelchin method 1980. The variations of the faecal contamination as well as those of the various parameters on the whole of the drillings are represented on maps of spatial distribution. On the whole of the drilling the (MQI), is zero which denotes the absence of any faecal contamination. On 96.67% of the holes is observed the presence of total sprouts with structures having a rate that exceeds 100 CFU per 100 ml of sample. The presence of total coliforms is also observed on 36.67% of the boreholes with structures presenting more than 100 CFU per 100ml of sample. Although these waters do not have faecal contamination, their microbiological quality does not meet the recommended standards for drinking water.
Abstract: The present work deals with the current microbiological status of boreholes found in Zinder region in the Republic of Niger. The study is centered on thirty (30) holes selected to monitor the variation in the microbiological quality of the water. For that the parameters studied are total coliforms, faecal coliforms and E-coli. From these parameters...
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Nano Composite Polymer Resin Coating to Control Mild Steel Corrosion in Marine Environment
Athira Rajendran,
Thenmozhi Sivalingam,
Poongothai Narayanan,
Salem Chandrasekaran Murugavel
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, June 2018
Pages:
102-125
Received:
22 May 2018
Accepted:
12 June 2018
Published:
27 July 2018
Abstract: The present study was carried out to analyze the performance of anti-corrosion property for the combination of PMMA, resin and ZnO nano particle coating on mild steel in 3.5% NaCl medium at 3hrs, 6hrs and 12hrs exposure. The synthesized nano particle was characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. The Polymer +Resin +ZnO (PRZn) combination was coated on MS by dip and spin coating methods. The optimized concentration analyses were verified by visual observation and gravimetric method which were also confirmed by electrochemical studies such as Tafel, AC impedance studies and cyclic voltammetry studies and 10% PMMA and 10% PMMA-resin combination was identified as optimum concentration. So, 10% PMMA-resin combined with 0.1g ZnO was used for further studies and coated on MS and PRZn coating offered almost cent percent corrosion protection of MS upto 12hrs exposure in 3.5% NaCl. PRZn coating was characterized by using FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential measurements and thermal stability was analyzed by thermo gravimetric methods. The high I.E offered by the coating material was due to the presence of major constituents that forms a passive film on the metal surface that protects mild steel from corrosion was identified. Profilometer analysis shows that the thickness and roughness of polymer coated specimen is less than paint coated one. Zeta potential and contact angle measurements of the combination coating material shows a protection against corrosion due to more interfacial tension and reduced size of the particles on the metal surface.
Abstract: The present study was carried out to analyze the performance of anti-corrosion property for the combination of PMMA, resin and ZnO nano particle coating on mild steel in 3.5% NaCl medium at 3hrs, 6hrs and 12hrs exposure. The synthesized nano particle was characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. The Polymer +Resin +ZnO (PRZn) combination was coa...
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Electro-Membrane Technology for Extraction of Valuable Compounds and Rare Earth Elements from the Red Mud
Gevork Anushavan Vartan,
Mishik Airazat Kazaryan,
Gagik Gurgen Karamyan,
Gagik Ashot Martoyan
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, June 2018
Pages:
126-131
Received:
30 October 2017
Accepted:
14 December 2017
Published:
2 August 2018
Abstract: The paper is devoted to the developed technology of treatment of red mud, a dangerous waste formed in the process of production of aluminum from bauxite ores by the Bayer process. The technology was examined on the samples of red mud from Russia and Iran aluminum plants. Detailed description of the process is presented. The chemical analysis data before and after the treatment are presented. It is shown that the new technology based on the use of electro-membrane apparatuses makes possible to neutralize the hazardous red mud with separate production of valuable compounds including rare earth metals. Several schemes of the process are presented.
Abstract: The paper is devoted to the developed technology of treatment of red mud, a dangerous waste formed in the process of production of aluminum from bauxite ores by the Bayer process. The technology was examined on the samples of red mud from Russia and Iran aluminum plants. Detailed description of the process is presented. The chemical analysis data b...
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