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A Study on Total Dissolved Solids and Hardness Level of Drinking Mineral Water in Bangladesh
Mohammad Rafiqul Islam,
Mohammad Khairul Islam Sarkar,
Tanzina Afrin,
Shafkat Shamim Rahman,
Rabiul Islam Talukder,
Barun Kanti Howlader,
Md. Abdul Khaleque
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
164-169
Received:
21 July 2016
Accepted:
29 July 2016
Published:
17 August 2016
Abstract: Natural water is being processed by the Reverse Osmosis purification system in the different area of Bangladesh for drinking purposes. Most of the water processing companies fill the 500 mL, 1000 mL, 2000 mL and 5000 mL bottles with this processed water and sell widely in the different parts of Bangladesh. However, the dissolved minerals in their purified drinking water are not sufficient for human health. Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) is a parameter that counts all dissolved minerals in the water. Calcium, magnesium and potassium are minerals that are introduce as a “Beneficial Minerals” for human health. Calcium is an important mineral for bone development, potassium is needed for muscles and nervous system and magnesium is helpful protect cardiovascular disease. The objective of the study is to examine the Total Dissolved Solids (minerals) and the Total Hardness (TH) in selected bottled water samples. The selected samples have been marketed by the local branded companies in Bangladesh. TDS and TH are measured in total eight of bottled water samples collected from the local confectionery shops in Dhaka city. The obtained results show that the levels of dissolved minerals in the drinking water samples are very low, which is quite alarming. Particularly, calcium and magnesium are found in very low amount in water samples of three companies. It can be assumed that those bottled water do not bring additional benefits to human health. The TDS of sample of one company was alarming low (9.44 mg/L. It may pose negative effects on human health especially malnourished people’s health.
Abstract: Natural water is being processed by the Reverse Osmosis purification system in the different area of Bangladesh for drinking purposes. Most of the water processing companies fill the 500 mL, 1000 mL, 2000 mL and 5000 mL bottles with this processed water and sell widely in the different parts of Bangladesh. However, the dissolved minerals in their p...
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Dyeing Wool Fiber with Natural Alizarin in a Vat System
Younes Chemchame,
Mohamed El Moudden,
Anass Mansar
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
170-173
Received:
24 July 2016
Accepted:
3 August 2016
Published:
21 August 2016
Abstract: Herein we report our study on wool dyeing with natural alizarin in a vat system using the Argan’s pulp. Natural alizarin was extracted from the Rubia tinctorum plant using enzymatic hydrolysis and alkaline solution. In order to assess the role of the reducer in the dyeing process, we tested one dye bath without reducer containing just alizarin extract and sodium carbonate solution at pH 8. In the vat preparation using these components, we used Argan’s pulp as the reducer. Under relatively soft dyeing conditions for wool (60°C and pH 8) dyeing in the vat system realized a higher degree of dye fixation and wash fastness.
Abstract: Herein we report our study on wool dyeing with natural alizarin in a vat system using the Argan’s pulp. Natural alizarin was extracted from the Rubia tinctorum plant using enzymatic hydrolysis and alkaline solution. In order to assess the role of the reducer in the dyeing process, we tested one dye bath without reducer containing just alizarin extr...
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Photodegradation of Detergent Anionic Surfactant in Wastewater Using UV/TiO2/H2O2 and UV/Fe2+/H2O2 Processes
Endang Tri Wahyuni,
R. Roto,
M. Sabrina,
V. Anggraini,
N. F. Leswana,
A. C. Vionita
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
174-180
Received:
13 July 2016
Accepted:
30 July 2016
Published:
31 August 2016
Abstract: In order to prevent of detergent surfactant contamination to water and soil, or even in well water, decreasing surfactant in a laundry wastewater has been studied by using photodegradation under UV/TiO2/H2O2 (photo-Fenton-like) and UV/Fe2+/H2O2 (photo-Fenton) processes. Photodegradation processes were performed in a batch system by exposing UV light to the laundry wastewater for a period of time. In both processes, the factors influencing the effectiveness of the photodegradation have been evaluated. The surfactant concentration left in the wastewater was determined by UV/Visible spectrophotometry using methylene blue as a coloring agent. The research results indicated that the surfactant concentration in the laundry wastewater could be decreased significantly by using both UV/TiO2/H2O2 and UV/Fe2+/H2O2 processes. In both processes, it was observed the dependency of the surfactant photodegradation effectiveness on TiO2 dose, Fe(II) and H2O2 concentrations, pH and time. From the influencing factors study, the optimal conditions could be obtained. To get the surfactant concentration in the wastewater that fulfills the quality standard regulated by Indonesian Government, two steps of both UV/TiO2/H2O2 and UV/Fe2+/H2O2 processes were required. It also is clearly confirmed that UV/Fe2+/H2O2 (photo-Fenton) process was more effective in the surfactant photodegradation than that of UV/TiO2/H2O2 (photo-Fenton-like) process.
Abstract: In order to prevent of detergent surfactant contamination to water and soil, or even in well water, decreasing surfactant in a laundry wastewater has been studied by using photodegradation under UV/TiO2/H2O2 (photo-Fenton-like) and UV/Fe2+/H2O2 (photo-Fenton) processes. Photodegradation processes were performed in a batch system by exposing UV ligh...
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Improvement in the Washing Fastness of Wool Dyed with Natural Alizarine Dye
Younes Chemchame,
Mohamed El Moudden,
Anass Mansar
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
181-184
Received:
2 August 2016
Accepted:
19 August 2016
Published:
9 September 2016
Abstract: Herein we report our study on the improvement of the Washing fastness of wool dyed with natural alizarin using an alkaline dyeing process. Natural alizarin was extracted from the Rubia tinctorum plant using enzymatic hydrolysis and alkaline solution. The dyeing alkaline process was realized at pH 10 without any mordant. The fastness was clearly higher using a post treatment acidification step. The exhausted dye was completely fixed after this post treatment. In contrast, the non-treated dyed sample lost nearly three quarters of coloration after a single hot rinse process. The alizarine dyeing process using the argan’s pulp reducer insure higher fastness proprieties when compared to the alkaline dyeing process without acidification post treatment step.
Abstract: Herein we report our study on the improvement of the Washing fastness of wool dyed with natural alizarin using an alkaline dyeing process. Natural alizarin was extracted from the Rubia tinctorum plant using enzymatic hydrolysis and alkaline solution. The dyeing alkaline process was realized at pH 10 without any mordant. The fastness was clearly hig...
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Kinetics and Mechanism of Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidation of Inositol by Hexachloroplatinate(IV) in Perchlorate Solutions
Ahmed Fawzy,
Ishaq A. Zaafarany,
Khalid S. Khairou,
Sheigha S. Ashour,
Naeema Yarkandi
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
185-191
Received:
29 August 2016
Accepted:
8 September 2016
Published:
24 September 2016
Abstract: Oxidation of inositol (INOS) by hexachloroplatinate(IV) complex (HCP) in perchlorate solutions in the presence of palladium(II) catalyst was studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction rate was very slow in the absence of the catalyst. The reaction exhibited a first order dependence on [HCP], and fractional-first order dependences with respect to [INOS], [H+] and [Pd(II)]. Increasing ionic strength and dielectric constant was found to increase the oxidation rate. A probable oxidation mechanism has been suggested and the rate-law expression has been derived. Both spectral and kinetic evidences revealed formation of a 1:1 intermediate complex between INOS and Pd(II) prior to the rate-controlling step. The final oxidation product of inositol was identified by both spectral and chemical analyses as the corresponding monoketone derivative, namely inosose. The activation parameters of the second order rate constant were evaluated and discussed.
Abstract: Oxidation of inositol (INOS) by hexachloroplatinate(IV) complex (HCP) in perchlorate solutions in the presence of palladium(II) catalyst was studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction rate was very slow in the absence of the catalyst. The reaction exhibited a first order dependence on [HCP], and fractional-first order dependences with respect to ...
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How Deposition Parameters Affect Phase Formation in Metals
Tahir Mehmood,
Aiman Mukhtar,
Babar Shahzad Khan,
Wu Kaiming
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
192-200
Received:
13 October 2016
Accepted:
Published:
13 October 2016
Abstract: To understand the mechanism for formation of fcc-cobalt nanowires in electrodeposition, we have systematically studied the effect of deposition potential, pH, and deposition temperature on the formation of fcc Co nanowires by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Co nanowires deposited at the potential of -1.6V are pure hcp phase. When increasing the value of potential to -2.0V, there are hcp Co and fcc Co crystals in the deposited nanowires. The fraction of fcc Co crystals in the nanowires increases with increasing the potential value. At -3.0V, the nanowires are pure fcc Co. The pH of the solution has little effect on formation of fcc Co nanowires. We have also seen that high concentration and low temperature favors fcc phase whereas low concentration and high temperature favors hcp phase. However, at 35°C the co-occurrence of hcp and fcc phases were also observed. These experimental results can be explained by the classical electrochemical nucleation theory. The formation of fcc Co crystals can be attributed to smaller critical clusters formed at a higher potential value since the smaller critical clusters favor formation of fcc nuclei.
Abstract: To understand the mechanism for formation of fcc-cobalt nanowires in electrodeposition, we have systematically studied the effect of deposition potential, pH, and deposition temperature on the formation of fcc Co nanowires by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Co nanowires dep...
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Eco-friendly Modified Silicone Poly-Acrylate Binder Synthesis and Application of Textiles Pigment Printing
Mohammad Raza Miah,
Zakaria,
Asaduzzaman,
Md Forhad Hossain,
Md Kamrul Hasan Munna
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
201-206
Received:
18 August 2016
Accepted:
26 September 2016
Published:
25 October 2016
Abstract: Modified silicone environmental- friendly poly-acrylate binder was prepared by emulsion polymerization technique using soft, hard, functional monomers. Newly synthesized binder was applied on fabric by pigment printing techniques. It was carried out on lab scale by simple screen printing techniques. We have synthesized this binder by using organic silicone, initiator, emulsifier, PH adjustor, deionized water and ammonia water as required. Binder should be soft, good film, high strength, good elasticity, excellent wash ability, strong adhesion, light color, excellent transparency and excellent light fastness, low cost and easy to implement production. Also get positive test results such as rubbing (wet & dry) fastness, water resistance of the film, softness, significant flexibility and staining resistance.
Abstract: Modified silicone environmental- friendly poly-acrylate binder was prepared by emulsion polymerization technique using soft, hard, functional monomers. Newly synthesized binder was applied on fabric by pigment printing techniques. It was carried out on lab scale by simple screen printing techniques. We have synthesized this binder by using organic ...
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Study of Inhibition Performance of a Vapor Phase Inhibitor on Rusty Iron Coins
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
207-211
Received:
8 November 2016
Accepted:
Published:
8 November 2016
Abstract: Immersion tests were used to study the inhibition effects of a complex vapor phase inhibitor on rusty iron coins. Electrochemical behaviors of simulated cast iron specimens in corrosion solution with or without inhibitor have been investigated by Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The rust composition structure of the cast iron coins after corrosion inhibition treatment was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) has been used to detect the morphology change before and after inhibition treatment. The results show that the vapor phase inhibitor has a good synergistic inhibition effect. The corrosion potentials of cast iron electrode were positive shift and passivation phenomenon has been tested. A steady deposit film containing Fe2O3 and α-FeOOH were formed on the surface of the specimen. A chemisorption was formed between the inhibitor and iron coin surface rust, and the rust changed compact. It increases the corrosion resistance of the rust layer.
Abstract: Immersion tests were used to study the inhibition effects of a complex vapor phase inhibitor on rusty iron coins. Electrochemical behaviors of simulated cast iron specimens in corrosion solution with or without inhibitor have been investigated by Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The rust composi...
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