-
Determination of Heavy Metals and Trace Element Levels in Honey Samples From Different Regions of Iraq and Compared with Other Kind
Saadiyah Ahmed Dhahir,
Ameera Hassan Hemed
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
83-92
Received:
4 April 2015
Accepted:
14 April 2015
Published:
27 April 2015
Abstract: The aim of study quantitative analysis of toxic heavy metals Cd, Pb, Ni , AS, V and trace element Fe, Mg, Se ,Cu, Mn, K, Na, Cain different kinds of Iraqi honey of bee and compare with other types. elements were determined by FAAS and GFAAS method. Because of the nutritional value and high medical honey for humans so it was necessary to appoint metals of great importance. High concentration of essential metals and Heavy metals can be toxic both to man and animals. The results indicated that the Seand K elements recorded at high concentrations (0.0384-712.8)mg/kg respectively while the Cu element recorded the low concentration(0.1) mg/kg in all kind of honey samples. The contents of heavy and trace metals in honey samples were found to be between (0.100-0.730)mg/kg for Pd,( 0.108-0. 8200)mg/kg for Cd, (0.210-0.894)mg/kg for Ni,(0.117-0.440) mg/kg for Fe,(0.0024-0.0348) mg/kg for Se, (0.260-0.721)mg/kg for Mg ,Cu<0.1, (140.8-240.8) mg/kg for Ca,(51.0-120.8) mg/kg for Na,(93.80-712.8) mg/kg for K,(0.0116-0.0708) mg/kg for Mn,(0.0091-0.086) mg/kg for V, for As (0.0104-0.035) mg/kg.
Abstract: The aim of study quantitative analysis of toxic heavy metals Cd, Pb, Ni , AS, V and trace element Fe, Mg, Se ,Cu, Mn, K, Na, Cain different kinds of Iraqi honey of bee and compare with other types. elements were determined by FAAS and GFAAS method. Because of the nutritional value and high medical honey for humans so it was necessary to appoint met...
Show More
-
Evaluation of Phytochemical, Anti-nutritional and Antioxidant Potentials of Flower and Seed Methanol Extracts of Senna alata L. Grown in Nigeria
Abubakar Isah,
Mann Abdullahi,
Mathew John Tsado
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
93-100
Received:
7 April 2015
Accepted:
20 April 2015
Published:
30 April 2015
Abstract: Senna alata L., commonly known as Candlestick senna or Wild senna belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae is widely distributed in Northern Nigeria. It has been used frequently in herbal medicine to treat different kinds of pathogenic conditions, particularly as laxative or purgative and in the treatment of skin infections as such as ring worm, impetigo, syphilis, sores, psoriasis, herpes, scabies, rashes, and itching. The rate at which this plant parts (flowers and seeds) have been frequently used in Nupe ethnomedicine led to the increase interest to determine the phytochemical, anti-nutritive and antioxidant activities of the flower and seed of Senna alata L. grown in Bida Niger State, Nigeria using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical screening of the flower and seed of the plant revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, alkaloid and anthraquinone, steroid and cardiac glycosides, were slightly present, while resins was absent. The metabolites present were quantitatively determined with alkaloid contents of 10.23±0.35 and 8.41±0.76 saponins 25.72±0.83 and 28.84±0.44, flavonoids 28.52±0.47 and 32.25±0.52, tannins 32.98±0.74 and 39.99±0.37, phenols 4.24±0.76 and 6.31±0.68 mg/100 g for flower and seed respectively. These results confirm that these metabolites obtained from the two parts of this plant were within the range of toxicity levels according to World Health Organization safe limits. The results of anti-nutritional factors revealed the oxalate contents with 4.24±0.12 and 6.31±0.41, cyanide content 8.59±0.71 and 4.89±0.69 and phytate content 17.54±0.63 and 13.72±0.81 mg/100g for flower and seed respectively. The values of anti-nutritional factors obtained from this work show that they may not pose any effects based on their toxicity levels and as recommended by World Health Organization. The major components of the chemical compounds deduced from GC/MS for the two parts of this plant investigated revealed the presence of β-d-mannofuranoside (24.23%), n-hexadecanoic acid (19.20%), oleic acid (28.27%), nonadecanoic acid (5.36%), 3, 11-tetradecadien-1-ol (3.79%) and octadecanal (17.22%), oleic acid (50.21%), octadecanoic acid (7.14), n-hexadecanoic acid (34.16%), pentanoic acid (3.39%) and 2-ethyl-1-decanol (2.21%). Some of these phytoconstituents like n-hexadecanoic and oleic are responsible for the said pharmacological activities. Thus, properly domesticated and utilization of this plant will serve as source of bioactive agents for pharmaceutical industries.
Abstract: Senna alata L., commonly known as Candlestick senna or Wild senna belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae is widely distributed in Northern Nigeria. It has been used frequently in herbal medicine to treat different kinds of pathogenic conditions, particularly as laxative or purgative and in the treatment of skin infections as such as ring worm, impet...
Show More
-
Thermodynamics of glycine in mixed solvents at 30O – 40O C
Gobardhan Nayak,
Guru Charan Pradhan,
Manas Ranjan Senapati
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
101-104
Received:
12 October 2014
Accepted:
12 December 2014
Published:
6 May 2015
Abstract: The ion solvent interaction of glycine in ethanol + water, methanol + water, isopropanol + water, glycol + water, glycerol + water obtained from conductance measurement have been compared at 10, 20 and 30% (w/w) solvent composition with temperature range of 30-40oC have been studied. The physical parameters like K, DGo, DGo (el), and DG0t (Ch) have been calculated and ion-solvent interactions are inferred.
Abstract: The ion solvent interaction of glycine in ethanol + water, methanol + water, isopropanol + water, glycol + water, glycerol + water obtained from conductance measurement have been compared at 10, 20 and 30% (w/w) solvent composition with temperature range of 30-40oC have been studied. The physical parameters like K, DGo, DGo (el), and DG0t (Ch) have...
Show More
-
Preparation, Characterization and Measurement of CMC of SDS, CTAB and Tween 80 Based Self-Assembled Aggregates in W/O and O/W Microemulsions as Systems for Preparing Nanomaterials
Rexona Khanom,
Abu Bin Hasan Susan,
Md Yousuf Ali Mollah,
Abu Noim Munshi Shahidur Rahman
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
105-123
Received:
31 March 2015
Accepted:
23 April 2015
Published:
7 May 2015
Abstract: Series of water in oil (w/o) composition of microemulsions were prepared from systems with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water; tween 80, 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water; at varying water to surfactant mole ratio, w0 and oil in water (o/w) composition of SDS and CTAB based microemulsions were made at reconcile with composition of w/o microemulsions. Micelles and reverse micelles are dominant form of self-assembled aggregates in o/w microemulsions and w/o microemulsions respectively. The ability of these aggregates to solubilize water had been employed for the detection of the critical micellization concentration, cmc for micelles and reverse cmc for reverse micelles. The reverse cmc values are smaller (0.204-0.293M) than the micellar cmc (0.4605-0.607M) was observed.1-butanol as a stabilizer provided information of the systems to give thermodynamically stable transparent w/o and o/w microemulsion due to its low linear thickness. Specific conductance, density and aggregation number had been used to characterize SDS and CTAB based microemulsions and the microemulsions prepared by non-ionic surfactant, tween 80 were characterized by only density measurement. Lower conductance and density are characteristics for w/o microemulsions having high 1-butanol content while in o/w microemulsions leads higher conductance and density. Steady-State Fluorescence Quenching method had been employed to determine the aggregation number, N of the organized self-assembled aggregates. The aggregation number of the aggregates in the microemulsions varied with composition of the microemulsions and depends only on the concentration of surfactant present in the systems. Aggregation number had been found to increase as the number of micellar aggregates increases. However, an increase in the number of reverse micellar aggregates in the system brought about gradual decrease of the aggregation number. As the quenching process of SDS based aggregates was very effective, however that of CTAB was less pronounced, the aggregation number of SDS based aggregates had been found to be comparatively lower than that of CTAB under similar experimental conditions. The results obtained show that N values which range 78–101 for SDS based aggregates and range 99-160 for CTAB based aggregates show a linear relationship with the concentration of surfactant. Detailed analysis of the conductivity, density and aggregation number, it can be tuned by changing composition of microemulsions and suitable compositions of microemulsions must be employed for the preparation of nanomaterials.
Abstract: Series of water in oil (w/o) composition of microemulsions were prepared from systems with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water; tween 80, 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 1-butanol, cyclohexane, water; at varying water to surfactant mole ratio, w0 and oil in water (o/w) composition of...
Show More
-
Synthesis and Sorption Studies of Lead (II) on Zn/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide
Ayawei N.,
Inengite A. K.,
Wankasi D.,
Dikio E. D.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
124-133
Received:
22 April 2015
Accepted:
27 April 2015
Published:
11 May 2015
Abstract: Zn/Fe-CO3 layered double hydroxide was synthesis by co-precipitation method for the adsorption of lead ions in aqueous solution. The synthesized layered double hydroxide (Zn/Fe-CO3) was then characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and SEM/EDX analysis. The experimental data fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with regression correlation coefficient values of 0.9999 and 0.999 respectively. The essential thermodynamic parameters of Ho, So, Hx and Eawere calculated to be -4.8327KJ/mol, 12.8J/molK, 13.3KJ/mol and -1.948KJ/mol, thus showing the exothermic nature of the process and the randomness of the system. The low activation energy (Ea) value is consistent with physical adsorption. The results also fitted zero-order kinetic, first-order kinetic and pseudo-second order models.
Abstract: Zn/Fe-CO3 layered double hydroxide was synthesis by co-precipitation method for the adsorption of lead ions in aqueous solution. The synthesized layered double hydroxide (Zn/Fe-CO3) was then characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and SEM/EDX analysis. The experimental data fitted both Langmuir and Freun...
Show More
-
Screening Nigerian Kaolin for Use as Potential Sources of Geopolymer Materials
Olawale,
Margaret Damilola,
Ogundiran,
Mary B.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
134-138
Received:
24 April 2014
Accepted:
29 May 2014
Published:
20 July 2014
Abstract: The search for alternative low cost and environment friendly binder has led to the screening of Nigerian kaolinite clay for the production of geopolymer binders. Three batches of geopolymer binders were synthesised using five Nigerian kaolinite clays, locally synthesised sodium silicate and NaOH. The clays were Ikere Ekiti (Ekiti State) kaolin, Ikare (Ondo State) kaolin, fired clay (Ozubulu, Imo state), Enugu (Enugu state) kaolin, and laterite (Lagos State).The first batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to one. The second batch was activated with sodium silicate and water in ratio one to half and the last batch was activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide in ratio one to one. Six mixes for each sample were prepared for the first and second batches of geopolymer binder. They were cured at room temperature for seven days, 75oC, 150oC and 500oC. The last batch of the geopolymer binder was cured at 150oC. The result of the research confirmed that compressive strength of kaolinite clay based geopolymer binder increased with increase in curing time from 7 days room temperature to 500oC. All geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide demonstrated sharp increase in their compressive strength values when compare with geopolymer activated with sodium silicate and water. Comparing the geopolymers activated with both sodium silicate and NaOH in ratio one to one with ASTM Specification Standard, Ikare sample satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62 and C90. Similarly, Ikere Ekiti geopolymer satisfied ASTM Specification Standard C62, C90, C216, and C902. Water absorption test performed showed that all the samples have good water absorption capacity at different conditions when compared with ASTM Specification Standard for water absorption, except Enugu kaolin and Ozubulu clay which did not satisfied the ASTM requirements at room temperature and at 75oC. Nigerian kaolinite clays have potentials to be used as geopolymer binders which may be applied in construction.
Abstract: The search for alternative low cost and environment friendly binder has led to the screening of Nigerian kaolinite clay for the production of geopolymer binders. Three batches of geopolymer binders were synthesised using five Nigerian kaolinite clays, locally synthesised sodium silicate and NaOH. The clays were Ikere Ekiti (Ekiti State) kaolin, Ika...
Show More
-
Interaction of a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM-1) with Penetrants
Nhamo Chaukura,
Louise Maynard-Atem
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
139-146
Received:
21 May 2015
Accepted:
1 June 2015
Published:
16 June 2015
Abstract: The characterisation, solubility testing, and alcohol adsorption studies of PIM-1 are reported. Techniques used for characterisation are N2 sorption and ATR-FTIR analysis. A number of solvents were tested for their ability to dissolve low molecular weight (~30 000 gmol-1), medium molecular weight (~60 000 gmol-1), and high molecular weight (~120 000 gmol-1) PIM-1.Results showed solubility of PIM-1 in these solvents to be dependent on molar mass. CHCl3, tetrahydrofuran (THF), CH2Cl2, dicholobenzene (DCB), 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene (TCB), and acetophenone were found to be good solvents at all molecular weights. Treatment of PIM-1 with nonsolvents, namely: small alcohols and water, followed by solvent removal, caused swelling, resulting in an increase in BET surface area of about 11 %, except for water, which reduced BET surface area by the same amount (11 %). Methanol (MeOH) treatment resulted in a new population of micropores around 0.6 nm. The change after ethanol (EtOH) and propanol (PrOH) treatment was not as significant. Hydrogen bonding between alcohols and PIM-1 was also investigated using shifts in the frequencies of FTIR peaks for the ether and the nitrile functional groups. Nitrile group frequencies for the alcohols were consistently blue-shifted, whereas the ether frequencies were red shifted. Both red- and blue-shifts were used as a measure of hydrogen bond strength.
Abstract: The characterisation, solubility testing, and alcohol adsorption studies of PIM-1 are reported. Techniques used for characterisation are N2 sorption and ATR-FTIR analysis. A number of solvents were tested for their ability to dissolve low molecular weight (~30 000 gmol-1), medium molecular weight (~60 000 gmol-1), and high molecular weight (~120 00...
Show More
