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On-Farm Tree Abundance and Biomass Carbon Stocks of Grevillea robusta and Eucalyptus saligna on Farms Around Kakamega Forest
Agevi Humphrey,
Tsingalia Harrison,
Muyekho Francis,
Obiri John,
Mukoya Wingred,
Onwonga Richard
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
162-167
Received:
18 July 2019
Accepted:
14 August 2019
Published:
26 August 2019
Abstract: The integration of trees on farmlands has recently received attention due to their contribution to livelihoods improvement and climate change mitigation. They provide ecosystem services (ESs) like climate change mitigation, improvement of soil fertility, provision of timber and fuelwood among others. The choice of trees to plant depends on the role the farmer intends to put them into and the size of the farm. The trees can either be indigenous or exotic andare mostly planted along farm boundaries, in home gardens, as woodlots orientation among others. This study was conducted in western part of Kenya on farmlands that mostly border the Kakamega Forest. The study soughtto determine abundance, distribution and biomass carbon stocks of Grevillea robusta and Eucalyptus saligna for enhanced climate change mitigation. A total of (N=3,468) trees were inventoried in 80 farms with a total of 27.5ha. The average size of farms where the survey was done was about 1.28±1.01 ha. Eucalyptus saligna had a tree abundance 1133 (33%) of the total trees sampled while Grevillea robusta had 2,335 (67%). Two sites were purposively selected (Lubao and Tea zone area). In the Lubao site, Eucalyptus saligna abundance was 627 (29%) while Grevillea robusta abundance was 1565 (71%) of the total trees sampled. In Tea Zone site, Eucalyptus saligna abundance was 506 (40%) while Grevillea robusta tree abundance was 770 (60%). Total biomass estimated in the study area was 3.86±0.21Mgha-1(1.96Mg C ha-1). This was distributed as aboveground biomass (2.8±0.12Mgha-1) and belowground biomass (0.87±0.41Mgha-1). There was no significant difference in biomass among farms in Lubao (F=43.12; p=0.34) and in Tea zone sites (F=53.12; p=0.23). Lubao site had an estimated biomass of 1.97±0.023Mgha-1 distributed as above ground biomass (1.31±0.043Mgha-1) and below ground biomass (0.67±0.023Mgha-1). Tea zone site had an estimated biomass of 1.99±0.38Mgha-1. This was distributed as above ground biomass (1.58±0.023Mgha-1) and below ground biomass (0.40±0.18Mgha-1). Biomass was significantly different among the agroforestry practices in Lubao (F=13.1; p=0.002) and in Tea Zone (F=29.12; p=0.001). Hedgerow had the highest biomass among the agroforestry practices in Lubao (1.91±0.16Mgha-1) and in Tea zone sites (1.7±0.23Mgha-1). Alley cropping that was only practiced in Lubao had the least biomass (0.0044±0.009Mgha-1). The twotree species provided benefits for household use and at the same time for monetarysale. Firewood and timber were the most mentioned (n=80). This was followed by construction material and fencing material. These functions/uses were most preferred by the Eucalyptus grandis.
Abstract: The integration of trees on farmlands has recently received attention due to their contribution to livelihoods improvement and climate change mitigation. They provide ecosystem services (ESs) like climate change mitigation, improvement of soil fertility, provision of timber and fuelwood among others. The choice of trees to plant depends on the role...
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Spatio-Temporal Variations of Land-Cover Types in Osho Forest Reserve, Southwestern Nigeria
Olufunke Olubusayo Olayode
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
168-176
Received:
24 June 2019
Accepted:
23 July 2019
Published:
28 August 2019
Abstract: The extent of any forest determines its capacity to supply goods and services which are indispensable for man’s continued existence. However, increasing population of humans subjects forest under pressure to meet basic needs of man thereby modifying its extent mostly through deforestation and forest degradation. It therefore became necessary to investigate the extent of Osho Forest Reserve, Nigeria (longitudes 3o25' and 5o00'E, latitudes 7o00' and 7o45'N) with the use of Landsat imageries of 1984, 2000 and 2006. The imageries were georeferenced to the same coordinate system using topographical map of the study area. Bands 2, 4 and 5 were used since they are suitable for vegetation studies. Idrisi32 and ArcGIS 8.1 were used for the analyses and map production respectively. A supervised classification theme of Natural Forest (NF), Plantation and Farmland was adopted after reconnaissance survey in the study area. NF which covered 93.8% in 1984 shrank to 4.0% in 2006, Plantation had occupied 6.0% in 1984 but increased to 9.0% in 2006 while Farmland significantly increased from 0.2% in 1984 to 87.0% within the same period. Although Plantation and Farmland increased over the study period, the declining NF extent has grave implications on the abilityof this forest ecosystem to sustainably deliver its benefits.
Abstract: The extent of any forest determines its capacity to supply goods and services which are indispensable for man’s continued existence. However, increasing population of humans subjects forest under pressure to meet basic needs of man thereby modifying its extent mostly through deforestation and forest degradation. It therefore became necessary to inv...
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Cocoa Farming and Difficulties in Adopting the Innovations of Intensive Agriculture in Boguedia (Ivory Coast)
Akmel Meless Siméon,
Dibi Djibli Vincent,
Blegui Guédé Bayard
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
177-184
Received:
21 March 2019
Accepted:
29 April 2019
Published:
3 September 2019
Abstract: The Ivorian economy is essentially based on agriculture, especially the coffee-cocoa duo. The country experienced growth in the 1970s, perceived by specialists as the "Ivorian miracle". But this euphoria turned into "an economic mirage", because of certain factors including the aging of plants, the slowdown in cocoa production. Faced with this situation, strategies are being developed by the National Center for Agronomic Research to significantly improve productivity. But they meet resistance. The objective of this research is to analyze cocoa farming and the difficulties related to the adoption of agricultural innovations. To achieve this, we selected Boguedia, a town located in Upper Sassandra, a field of investigation, because of intensive agriculture. This socio-anthropological research is both qualitative and quantitative. It is based on techniques (observation, focus group, registers) and data collection tools (interview guide, questionnaire). The research describes cocoa farming and shows its socio-economic value. It also analyzes the causes of the resistance of Boguedia populations to agricultural innovations. This situation of discomfort needs a critical analysis of the agricultural innovation policy.
Abstract: The Ivorian economy is essentially based on agriculture, especially the coffee-cocoa duo. The country experienced growth in the 1970s, perceived by specialists as the "Ivorian miracle". But this euphoria turned into "an economic mirage", because of certain factors including the aging of plants, the slowdown in cocoa production. Faced with this situ...
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Forested Landscapes Modelling Based on Tensors and Scenarios
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
185-190
Received:
27 June 2019
Accepted:
4 September 2019
Published:
19 September 2019
Abstract: A forest is an object so complex that it can never be known in all its details. But it is possible to get a "simplified picture" of the forest functioning, i.e. it is possible to build a "model". For this purpose, a forest may be considered as a landscape, the elements of which are the model basis; each element of a forested landscape is then the forest parts occupied by the same tree species. The model is built with the knowledge of the forester, and not on a priori biological and economical equations. The forester builds directly spread sheets matrixes for each tree species by writing what he knows about the evolution of each of them. Each line of the spread sheet reports the evolution along time of a "parameter" such as trees height, average diameter, number of trees by hectare, total volume by hectare, management cost, economical products value, etc. In our case each element of forest landscape will give its own matrices, and a set of matrices is called "tensor" by mathematicians. Three types of tensors are proposed, in order to improve forest management by building scenarios. The main interest of this model is to help foresters to see more precisely the consequences of their management decisions.
Abstract: A forest is an object so complex that it can never be known in all its details. But it is possible to get a "simplified picture" of the forest functioning, i.e. it is possible to build a "model". For this purpose, a forest may be considered as a landscape, the elements of which are the model basis; each element of a forested landscape is then the f...
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An Evolutionary Particularity Principle for Evolutionary System of Classes of Fructophyta
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
191-199
Received:
23 August 2019
Accepted:
28 August 2019
Published:
20 September 2019
Abstract: Fructophyta D. L. Fu & H. Fu, a new division established in 2018, including all fruit or flowering plants, conventionally named as angiosperms, occupy the highest evolutionary phylum taxa and an important position in terrestrial ecosystems and human wellbeing, whose origin and evolution had always been thought as puzzling. To scientifically settle the puzzle and using the evolutionary continuity principle of new science of Evolutionomy, the author proposed that evolutionary taxa should have particularly evolutionary characters to be distinguished to the closer taxa, which could be called evolutionary particularity principle. Based on the principle, the evolutionary system of five classes of Fructophyta D. L. Fu & H. Fu can be affirmed, which is a system of dichotomous evolution. Two new classes, Leguminopsida D. L. Fu and Scutellopsida D. L. Fu, are established based on the common particularity of evolutionary characters, legume and scutellum, respectively. Three old classes are selected as Magnoliopsida Brongn., Rosopsida Batsch and Monocotyledonopsida Benth. et Hook. based on the evolutionary continuity principle, and some evolutionary characters such as flower disks, pseudanthic inflorescences, and syncarpous pistils with serrate leaves were first to be used for the class classification of Rosopsida Batsch, which will make an important advancement in the taxonomy of fruit or flowering plants. The evolutionary particularity principle is a new scientific basis for the new science of Evolutionomy, which can also scientifically overcome the limitations of partiality and subjectivity in the tree of life or phylogenetic system.
Abstract: Fructophyta D. L. Fu & H. Fu, a new division established in 2018, including all fruit or flowering plants, conventionally named as angiosperms, occupy the highest evolutionary phylum taxa and an important position in terrestrial ecosystems and human wellbeing, whose origin and evolution had always been thought as puzzling. To scientifically settle ...
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Analyses of Chloroplast Genomic and Morphological Evolutionomy of Yulania Subsect. Cylindricae (Magnoliaceae)
Da-Li Fu,
Hao Fu,
Yue Qin,
Dao-Shun Zhou,
Run-Mei Duan
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
200-211
Received:
23 August 2019
Accepted:
28 August 2019
Published:
20 September 2019
Abstract: To scientifically settle the puzzle of origin of fruit plants, the chloroplast genomic sequences of three species of Yulania subsect. Cylindricae (Spongb.) D. L. Fu, subsect. comb. nov. (Magnoliaceae) were determined, which were compared with some taxa by means of the typical algorithm, a new method for genomic evolutionomy based on the evolutionary continuity principle. The results indicated that among some representative species of Gymnospermophyda, Yulania puberula D. L. Fu, sp. nov. has the closest relatively evolutionary relationship with Ginkgo biloba, not with the species of Cycas, Welwitschia or Ephedra, which indicated that fruit plants originated from Ginkgoopsida, not from Cycadopsida thought by the euanthium-theory or Chlamydopsermopsida thought by the pseudoanthium-theory. Among some representative species of Fructophyta, Ginkgo biloba has the closest relatively evolutionary relationship with Yulania puberula indicating that the new species is the relatively most primitive species of fruit plants, which is consistent with the results of morphological evolutionomy. The evolutionary system of Magnoliaceae includes 4 natural genera: Yulania Spach, Magnolia L., Michelia L. and Liriodendron L., whose boundaries all are PHS(17bp)=0.93. Furthermore Yulania subsect. Cylindricae and its three species were described or emended. The holotype of new species of Yulania puberula was designated, whose main typici-evolutionary characters, including diagnostic differences and particularities, was given and illustrated. The epitype of Y. shizhenii was designated and four synonyms of Y. cylindrica were listed. Typical algorithm is a scientific method of genomic evolutionomy and a scientifically new tool to solve the puzzle of evolutionomy of fruit plants.
Abstract: To scientifically settle the puzzle of origin of fruit plants, the chloroplast genomic sequences of three species of Yulania subsect. Cylindricae (Spongb.) D. L. Fu, subsect. comb. nov. (Magnoliaceae) were determined, which were compared with some taxa by means of the typical algorithm, a new method for genomic evolutionomy based on the evolutionar...
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Analyses of Chloroplast Genomic and Morphological Evolutionomy of Yulania Sprengeri and Two New Confusable Species (Magnoliaceae)
Da-Li Fu,
Bing-Hong Xiong,
Xun Chen,
Wen-Xiao Tian,
Lei Du
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
212-223
Received:
28 August 2019
Accepted:
16 September 2019
Published:
23 September 2019
Abstract: To scientifically solve the taxonomical confusion of Yulania sprengeri (Pamp.) D. L. Fu in the world, the chloroplast genomic sequences of four confusable species were assembled and compared with the other species of Yulania Spach by means of the typical algorithm. The results indicated that the evolutionary system of Yulania Spach includes four natural sections: Y. sect. Yulania, Y. sect. Buergeria (Sieb. & Zucc.) D. L. Fu, Y. sect. Rosula D. L. Fu, sect., nov., and Y. sect. Tulipastrum (Spach) D. L. Fu, which all have the same boundaries: PHS (17bp) = 0.96. The species Y. sprengeri (Pamp.) D. L. Fu belong to sect. Yulania, but several confusable species such as Y. diva (Stapf. ex Dandy) D. L. Fu, sp. transl. nov., Y. urceolata D. L. Fu, B. H. Xiong et X. Chen, sp. segregat. nov., Y. pendula D. L. Fu, sp. nov. and Y. viridula D. L. Fu, T. B. Zhao et G. H. Tian belong to the new section Rosula D. L. Fu. According to International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Y. sprengeri (Pamp.) D. L. Fu is proposed for conservation and emended with the conserved type (D. L. Fu 2017100803, CAF). The misidentified epitype of Magnolia sprengeri, the illustration in Flora of Trees of China, differing taxonomically, selected as Lectotype, with almost equal specimen, paratype (D. L. Fu 2017093001, CAF) from Weining County, Guizhou province of China, was segregated as a new species, Y. urceolata D. L. Fu, B. H. Xiong et X. Chen. The other new confusable species, Y. pendula D. L. Fu, is described and illustrated based on the holotype (D. L. Fu 2012040201, CAF) from Sichuan province of China, which was once misidentified as Y. biondii (Pamp.) D. L. Fu or Y. sprengeri (Pamp.) D. L. Fu. The typci-evolutionary characters including diagnostic differences and particularity of the new section and two new species, are given respectively. The evolutionary system scientifically overcomes the partiality and subjectivity of past taxonomical systems of Yulania Spach of Magnoliaceae Juss.
Abstract: To scientifically solve the taxonomical confusion of Yulania sprengeri (Pamp.) D. L. Fu in the world, the chloroplast genomic sequences of four confusable species were assembled and compared with the other species of Yulania Spach by means of the typical algorithm. The results indicated that the evolutionary system of Yulania Spach includes four na...
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Two Particularly Evolutionary Loci of matK of cpDNA of Genera of Magnoliaceae
Da-Li Fu,
Yue Qin,
Dao-Shun Zhou,
Run-Mei Duan,
Hao Fu
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
224-228
Received:
29 August 2019
Accepted:
16 September 2019
Published:
23 September 2019
Abstract: In order to quickly identify Magnoliaceae plants and scientifically correct the misidentification of the samples of chloroplast complete genomes in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA) database, total 260 samples of Magnoliaceae, 196 of Yulania Spach, 40 of Magnolia L., 19 of Michelia L., and 5 of Liriodendron L. were collected and the partial sequences of matK gene were amplified and sequenced respectively. The results indicated that there are two particular loci in the partial sequences, matK (...AAGNAATGATTGTATAA...CCAAAAATMGACAAGGTG...) (N = A, G; M = A, G, T) of Magnoliaceae, which can be used to identify the family because they are not possessed by other families. They are also PEL (particularly evolutionary loci) of genera of Magnoliaceae, which can be used to quickly identify the genera of the family, for all samples of the genus of Yulania Spach with the loci of matK (...AAGGAATGATTGTATAA...CCAAAAATAGACAAGGTG...), all samples of Magnolia L. with matK (...AAGGAATGATTGTATAA...CCAAAAATGGACAAGGTG...), all samples of Michelia L. with matK (...AAGAAATGATTGTATAA...CCAAAAATGGACAAGGTG...), and all samples of Liriodendron L. with matK (...AAGGAATGATTGTATAA....CCAAAAATTGACAAGGTG...). So, In four genera of Magnoliaceae, Yulania Spach, Michelia L. and Liriodendron L. have the respective PEL, and Magnolia L. can also be easily identified for having the oppositely evolutionary loci of other 3 genera. Based on the two PEL, the misidentified samples of chloroplast complete genome in NCBI were listed, which included 11 samples of Yulania Spach and 3 samples of Michelia L.. Being simple and reliable, PEL is a scientific method to identify the evolutionary taxa, which can effectively overcome the limitations of being partial and subjective in Taxonomy and Phylogeny.
Abstract: In order to quickly identify Magnoliaceae plants and scientifically correct the misidentification of the samples of chloroplast complete genomes in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA) database, total 260 samples of Magnoliaceae, 196 of Yulania Spach, 40 of Magnolia L., 19 of Michelia L., and 5 of Liriodendron L. were colle...
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Two Particularly Evolutionary Loci of trnL-ndhJ of cpDNA of Yulania Baotaina, a New Species (Magnoliaceae) from China
Da-Li Fu,
Qun Zhang,
Min Xu,
Dao-Shun Zhou,
Yue Qin,
Yin-Meng Li
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
229-233
Received:
30 August 2019
Accepted:
16 September 2019
Published:
23 September 2019
Abstract: The partial sequence of trnL-ndhJ of chloroplast genome ofthe new species of the genus Yulania Spach of Magnoliaceae, Yulania baotaina D. L. Fu, Q. Zhang et M. Xu, collected from Baotai Mountain of Yongping County of Yunnan province of China, and the similar species, Y. campbellii (Hook. f. et Thoms.) D. L. Fu, collected from Yongping and Gongshan county of Yunnan, and Yadong county of Xizang, were amplified and sequenced respectively, which were compared with 39 samples of the chloroplast complete genomes of Magnoliaceae in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA) database. The results indicated that Y. baotaina has two PEL (particularly evolutionary loci): trnL-ndhJ (...TTTCATTTCGGAATTTCCTATTTTCTT...) not possessed by others, and the oppositely evolutionary loci of transversions trnL-ndhJ (...TTTCATTTCTGAATTTCATATTTTCTT...) is possessed by all contrasted experimental materials and most simples of Magnoliaceae in NCBI. So the new species was described and illustrated. Its floral buds cylindrical, ovaries subcordiform, and peduncles of flower and fruits obviously elongate are particular, which can be easily distinguished to the similar species and all other ones in the genus. The new species is distributed in Hengduan Mountain of west Yunnan province and south Xizang Autonomous Region at an altitude of 1900~3000 m, a colloquial name is Mulianhua, just as the similar species Y. campbellii. The designated type of the new species was collected from Baotai Mountain of Yongping County at altitude of 2600 m and kept at the Chinese Academy of Forestry. This paper will provide a new research method that can be easily verified for the evolutionary taxonomy and the new science of evolutionomy.
Abstract: The partial sequence of trnL-ndhJ of chloroplast genome ofthe new species of the genus Yulania Spach of Magnoliaceae, Yulania baotaina D. L. Fu, Q. Zhang et M. Xu, collected from Baotai Mountain of Yongping County of Yunnan province of China, and the similar species, Y. campbellii (Hook. f. et Thoms.) D. L. Fu, collected from Yongping and Gongshan ...
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Two PEL of cpDNA of Magnolia Accisa, a New Species (Magnoliaceae) from China
Da-Li Fu,
Hao Fu,
Run-Mei Duan
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, September 2019
Pages:
234-238
Received:
31 August 2019
Accepted:
16 September 2019
Published:
23 September 2019
Abstract: Magnolia sect. Rytidospermum Spach is an important taxon and has an important position in the evolutionary and taxonomic system of Magnoliaceae. A new species of the section was discovered in the investigation of the plant resources in China, named Magnolia accisa D. L. Fu, H. Fu et R. M. Duan, sp. nov. for its leaves with accisus apices and viridescent lower surfaces, which had been confused with M. officinalis var. biloba Rehd. & Wils. for many years. In order to determine its evolutionary taxonomic status, two similar species, M. officinalis Rehd. & Wils. with the variety M. officinalis var. biloba Rehd. & Wils, and M. rostrata W. W. Smith also collected, and two partial sequences of chloroplast genome, matK and trnL-ndhJ, were amplified and sequenced respectively. The partial sequences were analyzed and compared with 39 samples of the chloroplast complete genomes of Magnoliaceae in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA) database, and the results indicated that the new species Magnolia accisa has two PEL (particularly evolutionary loci): matK (...ACAAGGTGGGATTTCCA...) and trnL-ndhJ (...GTCTAGTCTATAGGAGT...), for that the oppositely evolutionary loci of matK (...ACAAGGTGAGATTTCCA...) and trnL-ndhJ (...GTCTAGTCTAGAGGAGT...) are possessed by all other contrasted samples including the experimental materials and the data of NCBI of Magnoliaceae. So, the new species is described and illustrated according International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, which will speed up the investigation of plant resources of Magnoliasect. Rytidospermum Spach in China.
Abstract: Magnolia sect. Rytidospermum Spach is an important taxon and has an important position in the evolutionary and taxonomic system of Magnoliaceae. A new species of the section was discovered in the investigation of the plant resources in China, named Magnolia accisa D. L. Fu, H. Fu et R. M. Duan, sp. nov. for its leaves with accisus apices and viride...
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