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Response of Pullet Chicks to Dietary Fumonisin B1: Growth Indices and Haematological Parameters
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
37-40
Received:
23 January 2015
Accepted:
6 February 2015
Published:
13 February 2015
Abstract: Growth indices and heamatological parameters of 180 Isa brownpullet chicks fed graded levels of dietary fumonisin B1 (an environmental mycotoxin produced by Fusariumverticillioides) were studied in a feeding trial that lasted nine weeks. The chicks, having similar initial average weights were randomly assigned to four experimental diets containing 0.2, 5.2, 10.2, and 15.2 mgFB1/kg constituting diets 1( control), 2, 3, and 4 respectivelyin a completely randomized design. Each dietary treatment had three replicates of 15 chicks each. The feed intake was monitored daily and the chicks weighed weekly. Blood samples were collected at the end of the trial and analyzed. Results revealed a non-significant (P>0.05) but FB1 concentration dependent decrease in daily feed intake, final live weight and daily weight gain of chicks fed diets 2, 3, and 4 when compared with those on diet 1. Crude protein and ether extract digestibility decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the dietary FB1 levels increased. The dry matter digestibility of chicks on diets 2, 3, and 4 were 94.77, 95.07 and 94.81 % respectively of the control value. Chicks fed diets containing 10.2 and 15.2 mg FB1/kg suffered significantly (P < 0.05) reduced concentration of erythrocytesand mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration (MCHC). Lymphocytes significantly decline (lymphopenia) while heterophils significantly increased with increase in dietary FB1 suggesting a condition of immunosuppression and tissue degeneration respectively in chicks fed diets 3 and 4. The study demonstrated that pullets chicks exposed to dietary fumonisin concentration of 10.20mg/kg diet and above would suffer depressed apparent crude protein and ether extract digestibility and decreased synthesis of erythrocyte, MCHC and lymphocytes.
Abstract: Growth indices and heamatological parameters of 180 Isa brownpullet chicks fed graded levels of dietary fumonisin B1 (an environmental mycotoxin produced by Fusariumverticillioides) were studied in a feeding trial that lasted nine weeks. The chicks, having similar initial average weights were randomly assigned to four experimental diets containing ...
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Outcome of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Treatment 12 Days Post AI and Double Insemination on Conception Rate of Repeat Breeding Cows in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
Birhanu Hailu,
Berihu Gebrekidan,
Solmon Raju,
Alemselam Birhanu,
Gebrehiwot Tadesse,
Gezahign Alemayehu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
41-45
Received:
31 January 2015
Accepted:
13 February 2015
Published:
25 February 2015
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine outcome of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue given 12 days post AI and double inseminations during estrous period of dairy cattle and improvement of conception rate. Field trial was carried out on repeat breeding cross breed dairy cows which are lactating, apparently healthy and exhibits estrus regularly. A total of Sixty three repeat-breeding cows from twenty eight herds were selected and assigned randomly in to three equal groups G (1, 2 and 3); two treated and one control group. Group1 (n=21) cattle were treated intramuscularly with 10 µg buserelin acetate 12 days post AI. Group2 (n=21) cattle were inseminated twice during estrus exhibition with 6-8 hours interval. Group3 (n=21) cattle were receive no treatment, inseminated once as heat was detected and considered as a control group. Dairy cows were examined for pregnancy after three months through rectal palpation. Pregnancy rates recorded were 52%, 38% and 28% in G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Conception rates of treated groups (G1 and G2) exceed control group by 24% and 10% respectively and showed a significant statistical variation (P<0.05) as compared to control groups. Comparison between treated groups also indicated that G1 has statistical significant difference from G2. From this experiment, it is recommended that use of GnRH 12 days can improve pregnancy rate as compared to double insemination and single service.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine outcome of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue given 12 days post AI and double inseminations during estrous period of dairy cattle and improvement of conception rate. Field trial was carried out on repeat breeding cross breed dairy cows which are lactating, apparently healthy and exhibits estrus re...
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Growth of Different Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains in Cell Lines from Origin of Lymphoid Leukosis Tumors
Ahmed Hassan,
Mostafa Shahata,
Elrefaie Refaie,
Ragab Ibrahim,
Jun Sasaki,
Masanubu Goryo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
46-50
Received:
18 October 2014
Accepted:
3 November 2014
Published:
28 February 2015
Abstract: Growth and propagation of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chicken embryo is time consuming and costly, and an appropriate serological test is required to detect and identify IBDV strains, therefore, a suitable cell lines in which different IBDV strains can grow well has been needed. The aim of the present work was to study the growth of different IBDV strains in cell lines from lymphoid leukosis tumors using histopathological staining, indirect immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, cell lines from origin of lymphoid leukosis tumors; LSCC-BK3 and LSCC-CU10 are suitable for growth and propagation of different IBDV strains. IBDV strains resulted into histopathological lesions of variable severity differ according to the patho-type of IBDV and time after virus inoculation. Indirect immunofluorescent test could be used for detection and differentiation of IBDV strains inoculated into cell lines from origin of lymphoid leukosis tumors. Trials of immunohistochemistry technique for detection of different IBDV strains in cell lines, were unsuccessful. Using transmission electron microscopy, IBDV particles could be detected in all infected cell lines.
Abstract: Growth and propagation of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chicken embryo is time consuming and costly, and an appropriate serological test is required to detect and identify IBDV strains, therefore, a suitable cell lines in which different IBDV strains can grow well has been needed. The aim of the present work was to study the growth of d...
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Quality Constraints in the Market Chains for Export of Small Ruminants from Afar Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Areas
Gezahegn Alemayehu,
Birhanu Hailu,
Nuru Seid
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
51-57
Received:
16 January 2015
Accepted:
2 February 2015
Published:
26 February 2015
Abstract: The study was conducted in four districts of Afar Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Area to determine quality constraints in the market chains for export of Afar’s small ruminants. A total of 291 producers, 8 traders and 4 exporters were interviewed with separate semi-structured questionnaires. The result of study indicated that small ruminant made by far the greatest contribution to livestock-based livelihoods in all study districts. About 72.2% of pastoralist offers shoat for sale to meet their urgent needs at any time during the year. Majority (51.9%) of the producers have no specific target to sale their shoat. Quality and other criteria required by importers were known only by 7.6% of the producers, while majority of them (92.4%) did not know quality and other criteria required by importer. Even though sheep were most demanded by exporters, sheep accounts only 20% from total shoat presented for sale. Only 14.4% of the producers offer adult male for sale which were fit for export. Along the market chain pre-purchase inspection and selection for quality assurance and certification for live shoat were none existent. In all Afar’s livestock markets there is no objective standard for selling and buying animals. The result of this study showed that small ruminants supplied to the markets by pastoralist do not meet the quality attributes required by export markets. Appropriate extension service that will respond to the peculiar needs of export markets, especially on the aspect of providing information and knowledge on the desired shoat characteristics and quality requirements of importing countries should be provided for the producers.
Abstract: The study was conducted in four districts of Afar Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Area to determine quality constraints in the market chains for export of Afar’s small ruminants. A total of 291 producers, 8 traders and 4 exporters were interviewed with separate semi-structured questionnaires. The result of study indicated that small ruminant made by far...
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Economic Importance and Control Techniques of Lumpy Skin Diseases
Birhanu Hailu,
Gezahign Alemayehu,
Nuru Seid
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
58-66
Received:
22 February 2015
Accepted:
9 March 2015
Published:
15 March 2015
Abstract: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute infectious disease of cattle endemic in most Sub-Saharan African countries. It is economically devastating viral diseases which cause several financial problems in livestock industries as a result of significant milk yield loss, infertility, abortion and death. It is caused by lumpy skin diseases virus of capripoxvirus. The disease is characterized by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, firm, and circumscribed nodules in the skin and ulcerative lesions particularly in the mucous membrane of the mouth. It occurs in all agro climatic conditions and has the potential to extend its boundaries. It is transmitted by insect vectors among the cattle sharing similar grazing and watering areas and those congregate in the same barn. Good understanding of epidemiology, economic significance and control mechanisms of the disease enabled to design suitable control measures. LSD could be diagnosed using appropriate serological and molecular techniques. Effective control measure of the disease is achieved through mass vaccination though separation and culling of infected animals are optional methods.
Abstract: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute infectious disease of cattle endemic in most Sub-Saharan African countries. It is economically devastating viral diseases which cause several financial problems in livestock industries as a result of significant milk yield loss, infertility, abortion and death. It is caused by lumpy skin diseases virus of caprip...
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Effects of Sorting on Cannibalism in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Rose in Concrete Tanks in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria
Abubakar Abdullahi Biu,
Gwana Adamu Mohammed,
Bukar-Kolo M. Yachilla,
Bako M. Modu,
Umaru Buba Wakil,
Abdullahi M. Mai,
Ali Abba Gana Benisheikh,
Adarju M. B.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
67-73
Received:
17 November 2014
Accepted:
20 March 2015
Published:
14 April 2015
Abstract: This research study was carried out on the effects of cannibalism in catfish (Clarias gariepinus; commonly called “Tarwada” in Hausa language), rose in indoor aquaculture, at the hatchery complex, NIFFRI, Maiduguri. The experiments were designed into three treatments; ‘A’ no sorting (control), ‘B’ daily sorting and ‘C’ weekly sorting, performed after stocking with two replications. Randomly sourced, sampled brood stocks (2 males and 2 females). Standard method was used to induce breeding of Clarias gariepinus by using Ova-prim and fry were obtained. The Juveniles catfish were sorted, counted and stocked into tanks. Their average weight were taken (2.45kg) and density of 100 fish / m2 was tested in each treatment, water parameters, survival rate, growth performance, rates and effects of cannibalism in Clarias gariepinus were determined. Treatment A had the highest mean weight (11.45g ± 2.4), cannibalism rate (40%), with lowest survival rate (60%). Highest survival rate was observed in C (86%), while optimum growth performance was observed in B (4.2g, 5cm, and 8cm). Results revealed that cannibalism is high in treatment A, less in C (2%), same with shooters. High cannibalism in Clarias gariepinus juveniles has been established, this could be controlled by frequent sorting (daily). Further studies are to be conducted on the cost implication of controlling cannibalism in outdoor aquaculture.
Abstract: This research study was carried out on the effects of cannibalism in catfish (Clarias gariepinus; commonly called “Tarwada” in Hausa language), rose in indoor aquaculture, at the hatchery complex, NIFFRI, Maiduguri. The experiments were designed into three treatments; ‘A’ no sorting (control), ‘B’ daily sorting and ‘C’ weekly sorting, performed aft...
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Sheep Infection by Haemonchus Species: Effect on Haematocrit and Evaluation of the FAMACHA© Method in Arsi Negele District, Oromia, Ethiopia
Guash Abay,
Tilaye Demissie,
Amene Fekadu,
Teshale Teklue
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
74-79
Received:
16 March 2015
Accepted:
29 March 2015
Published:
14 April 2015
Abstract: Infection with Haemonchus species in sheep at Arsi- Negele district was determined by differential third-stage larvae and the objective was to evaluate the validation of FAMACHA© chart in the diagnosis of Haemonchus infection. The animal’s anemia level was determined by using the FAMACHA© method and their corresponding PCV (packed cell volume) were determined by haematocrit centrifugation method. The color of the ocular membrane of all animals was scored 1 to 5 using the FAMACHA© card and blood samples were collected from each animal for determination of PCV. Fecal samples also collected from sampled animals tested for fecal egg counts (FEC), and fecal culture for identification of third stage larvae of Haemonchus species. All sheep studied were negative for Fasciola and were not heavily infested by lice and ticks. A highly significant negative correlations [(R-square = 0.28, Coef. = -0.78); (R-square= 0.58, Coef= -0.34)] was observed between Haemonchus larvae and PCV, and PCV and eye color respectively. Positive correlations [(R-square= 0.19, Coef. = 1.53); (R-square=0.274, Coef= 0.05)] was observed between FAMACHA© score and Haemonchus infection, and FAMACHA© score and egg per gram of faces (EPG) respectively. The PCV of the Haemonchus positive sheep had a strong negative correlation with the EPG (R-square=0.53, Coef= -0.023). We evaluated the validity of FAMACHA© eye scoring to measure severely infested sheep and got strong correlation among FAMACHA© eye scoring, PCV and Fecal culture positivity. As a conclusion the FAMACHA© anaemia scoring guide can be used to treat only severely anemic sheep and hence reduce mass treatment and this reduce chance of drug resistance.
Abstract: Infection with Haemonchus species in sheep at Arsi- Negele district was determined by differential third-stage larvae and the objective was to evaluate the validation of FAMACHA© chart in the diagnosis of Haemonchus infection. The animal’s anemia level was determined by using the FAMACHA© method and their corresponding PCV (packed cell volume) were...
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