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Elementary Excitations of Ising Models at the Critical Temperatures
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
211-217
Received:
8 October 2014
Accepted:
23 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Ordered Ising models as ferromagnetic having nonsingular heat capacities at the critical temperatures are considered. A new parameter vector q ⃗ is found to describe the spin correlations and fluctuation characteristics. The conservation of scalar q indicates that there is simple harmonic motion of q ⃗, and the motion’s quantum is called block-spin phonons, like the phonons in a crystal, resulting in nonsingular heat capacity near the critical point. The harmonic motion shows there are hierarchies and symmetries of fluctuations, while the soft mode may lead to the interactions of block-spin phonons with different frequencies. We are certain that the critical point for an Ising model only exists in a statistical sense although the system at the critical temperature. The fluctuations undergo about the critical point, which the system never attains. It is the first time for us that the specific forms of the spins’ correlation functions for Ising models at the critical temperatures are obtained.
Abstract: Ordered Ising models as ferromagnetic having nonsingular heat capacities at the critical temperatures are considered. A new parameter vector q ⃗ is found to describe the spin correlations and fluctuation characteristics. The conservation of scalar q indicates that there is simple harmonic motion of q ⃗, and the motion’s quantum is called block-spin...
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Features of the Zeeman Splitting and G-Factors of 2p5f Configuration Levels of Carbon Atom
Galina Pavlovna Anisimova,
Igor Cheslavovich Mashek,
Olga Aleksandrovna Dolmatova,
Anna Petrovna Gorbenko,
Robert Ivanovich Semenov,
Martin Tchoffo,
Galina Aleksandrovna Tsygankova
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
218-223
Received:
16 October 2014
Accepted:
25 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: The gyromagnetic ratios of levels (the g-factors) – are one of the most important characteristics of atoms. There are no corresponding experimental data in the literature for npn`l configurations of carbon atom. That is why the theoretical study of the fine and the Zeeman structures for the determination of the g-factors is ongoing. All the calculations are effected in one configuration approximation, with the energy operator matrix, in which the maximum possible number of interactions is taken into account, including the magnetic, spin-orbit (own and other) and spin-spin interactions. The fine structures were studied in three approximations (LS, LK, jK) for the establishment of the character of the coupling in 2p5f C I configuration. During the study of Zeeman splitting (except the g-factors) features of it were determined: the fields of crossings and anticrossings of magnetic components. In all steps of calculations the numerical digitalization of corresponding energy operator matrices were effected, e.g. the results presented in the paper were obtain in the intermediate coupling approximation.
Abstract: The gyromagnetic ratios of levels (the g-factors) – are one of the most important characteristics of atoms. There are no corresponding experimental data in the literature for npn`l configurations of carbon atom. That is why the theoretical study of the fine and the Zeeman structures for the determination of the g-factors is ongoing. All the calcula...
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The Attract Force Equation of Energy
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
224-226
Received:
9 October 2014
Accepted:
31 October 2014
Published:
10 November 2014
Abstract: The attract force equation of energy deduced from the Newton the principle of gravitation and the mass–energy equation (E=mc2) of Einstein. The equation describe the attract force cause by two energy fields. It can be said that the energy exists in any form (such as energy of heat, energy of photon, electronic energy, magnetic energy, even kinetic energy, and potential energy) can cause the attract force between them. The constant Gc (8.26269×10-45 m-1kg-1s2) was given in the equation. The equation may help to explain and understand the phenomena of basis physics, cosmology and astronomy, such as the dark matter or dark energy.
Abstract: The attract force equation of energy deduced from the Newton the principle of gravitation and the mass–energy equation (E=mc2) of Einstein. The equation describe the attract force cause by two energy fields. It can be said that the energy exists in any form (such as energy of heat, energy of photon, electronic energy, magnetic energy, even kinetic ...
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Thick Shell Evolution in Reissner–Nordström Spacetime
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
227-231
Received:
22 October 2014
Accepted:
3 November 2014
Published:
10 November 2014
Abstract: The new extension formalism, developed by Khakshournia and Mansouri, is used to analyze the dynamics of a general shell of matter with an arbitrary finite thickness immersed in a curved space time. Within this new formulation the equations of motion of a spherically symmetric thick shell immersed in Reissner–Nordström (RN) space time is obtained.
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Super Theory of Relativity-Explanation to ‘Rest Mass of Photon’, ‘Quantum Entanglement’ and ‘Consciousness’
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
232-239
Received:
21 October 2014
Accepted:
6 November 2014
Published:
20 November 2014
Abstract: Siva’s theories explained the necessity of new theory for description of the Universe, space ,time ,space-time and matter. It explained the formation of ‘space time continuum’ in terms of ‘Films of the universe’ and an effect of consciousness associated to living things. Thus it is required to bring consciousness in to physical laws and transformations. The relation between physical world and consciousness has been analyzed clearly and explained that consciousness, if we interpret in physics, must be an inertial frame of reference which can be transformed in to inertial frames defined by ‘Special Theory of Relativity’. It is possible only by changing the signal velocity from ‘c’ to ‘c√2’ . Thus the ‘Special Theory of Relativity’ has been modified and named as ‘Super theory of Relativity’. The relativistic factor for it is also calculated as [1+(v2/c2)]1/2 where v = vo [{1- (vo2/c2)}]-1/2 here vo is its absolute velocity .The necessity to adopt a new signal velocity which is greater than that of light has been discussed and the ‘Principle of Relativity’ and ‘Principle of simultaneity’ which are basics for transformation has been applied to interpret it in terms of relativity. It has been concluded that velocity of light is a part of signal velocity and photon will have rest mass. It says that the observable velocity is a result of absolute velocity multiplied by relativistic factor for ‘Super Theory of Relativity’. Thus infinite signal transformation is introduced for transformation between Inertial frames of reference. Infinite signal velocity will explain the ‘Quantum entanglement’ in terms of transformation of physical laws from one frame to another as explained in ‘Special & General Theories of Relativity’.
Abstract: Siva’s theories explained the necessity of new theory for description of the Universe, space ,time ,space-time and matter. It explained the formation of ‘space time continuum’ in terms of ‘Films of the universe’ and an effect of consciousness associated to living things. Thus it is required to bring consciousness in to physical laws and transformat...
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Thermodynamics Properties of a System with Finite Heavy Mass Nuclei
Boniface Otieno Ndinya,
Alex Okello
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
240-244
Received:
22 October 2014
Accepted:
13 November 2014
Published:
20 November 2014
Abstract: The thermodynamics property of finite heavy mass nuclei, with the number of protons greater than the number of neutron is investigated. The core of the nucleus contains the neutron-proton pair that interacts harmonically; the excess neutron(s) reside(s) on the surface of the nucleus and introduce the anharmonic effect. The total energy is evaluated using ladder operator method and the quantum mechanical statistical expression of energy. The total energy, heat capacity and entropy are found to depend on the occupation number of states and the number of excess neutrons. At temperature near absolute zero the specific heat and entropy are lowest because a decreases in temperature leads to a decrease in particle interaction and energy.
Abstract: The thermodynamics property of finite heavy mass nuclei, with the number of protons greater than the number of neutron is investigated. The core of the nucleus contains the neutron-proton pair that interacts harmonically; the excess neutron(s) reside(s) on the surface of the nucleus and introduce the anharmonic effect. The total energy is evaluated...
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The Specificities of the Nature of Neutrinos
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
245-246
Received:
6 October 2014
Accepted:
16 November 2014
Published:
2 December 2014
Abstract: The paper deals with the problem of lepton flavor and neutrino oscillation. The oscillation property concerns only the light neutrino. The discussion about the mixing of the light and so-called heavy neutrinos seems to be doubtful.
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Unified Field Theory and Topology of Atom
Zhiliang Cao,
Henry Gu Cao,
Wenan Qiang
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
247-253
Received:
5 October 2014
Accepted:
9 October 2014
Published:
16 December 2014
Abstract: The paper "Unified Field Theory and the Configuration of Particles" opened a new chapter of physics. One of the predictions of the paper is that a proton has an octahedron shape. As Physics progresses, it focuses more on invisible particles and the unreachable grand universe as visible matter is studied theoretically and experimentally. The shape of invisible proton has great impact on the topology of atom. Electron orbits, electron binding energy, Madelung Rules, and Zeeman splitting, are associated with proton’s octahedron shape and three nuclear structural axes. An element will be chemically stable if the outmost s and p clouds have eight electrons which make atom a symmetrical cubic.
Abstract: The paper "Unified Field Theory and the Configuration of Particles" opened a new chapter of physics. One of the predictions of the paper is that a proton has an octahedron shape. As Physics progresses, it focuses more on invisible particles and the unreachable grand universe as visible matter is studied theoretically and experimentally. The shape o...
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Low-Loss Propagation in Semiconductor AlxGa1-xAs Waveguide
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
254-256
Received:
11 November 2014
Accepted:
11 December 2014
Published:
19 December 2014
Abstract: We theoretically studied the effect of a metal dimensions on the propagation loss of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a metal-semiconductor-semiconductor (MSS). The propagation loss of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is studied at the interfaces between metals and active media .The propagation loss is calculated at the wavelength λ=1550nm for different widths and thicknesses of a gold layer. Also it has been observed the variation of the propagation loss with the height of the AlxGa1-xAs which is between the gold film and high refractive semiconductor. We analyze metal-semiconductor-semiconductor (MSS) waveguide by using the effective-index method (EIM) and the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) methods.
Abstract: We theoretically studied the effect of a metal dimensions on the propagation loss of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a metal-semiconductor-semiconductor (MSS). The propagation loss of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is studied at the interfaces between metals and active media .The propagation loss is calculated at the wavelength λ=1550nm for...
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Radon Emanation from Drinking Water Samples of Nineveh Province (IRAQ)
Laith Ahmed Najam,
Nada Fathil Tawfiq,
Enas Mohmad Younis
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
257-260
Received:
25 October 2014
Accepted:
15 November 2014
Published:
3 January 2015
Abstract: The study include measurements of radon concentration in water samples for a total of eleven selected locations from Nineveh province. The natural exposure method using CR-39 track detector and the sealed cuptechniquewere chosen for analysis of radon concentration. Radon content in water samples of the study area ranges from 17.4Bq/l in Talskuf to 36.1 Bq/l in Sad Al-Mosul with an average value 26.37 Bq/l, all measured 222Rn activity concentrations in water are below the European Commission recommended level for radon in drinking water of 100 Bq/l.The results of the annual effective dose ranged from 64µSv/y in Talskuf to 132 µSv/y in Sad Al-Mosul, the total annual effective dose in 54.54% locations of the studied area are found to be within the safe limit (0.1 mSv/year) recommended by World Health Organization and EU Council and 45.45% locations are exceeding the annual effective dose limit of 0.1 mSv/y.
Abstract: The study include measurements of radon concentration in water samples for a total of eleven selected locations from Nineveh province. The natural exposure method using CR-39 track detector and the sealed cuptechniquewere chosen for analysis of radon concentration. Radon content in water samples of the study area ranges from 17.4Bq/l in Talskuf to ...
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The Power of the Mind to Influence other Minds by the Will-Force in the Presence of Consciousness Leading to Super-Consciousness
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014
Pages:
261-279
Received:
14 December 2014
Accepted:
28 December 2014
Published:
8 January 2015
Abstract: A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal mind (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The quantized energy (εT) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by the same εT. The same εT is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. These TCP, TRP and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo can address the power of the mind to influence other minds by the will-force in the presence of consciousness leading to super-consciousness.
Abstract: A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that c...
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