Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry

Adama Coulibaly; Aly Ag Mohamed Dicko; Oumou Camara

doi:doi:10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12

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Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry

Adama Coulibaly^*, Aly Ag Mohamed Dicko, Oumou Camara

Published in Radiation Science and Technology (Volume 9, Issue 3)

Received: 3 October 2023 Accepted: 23 October 2023 Published: 9 November 2023

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Abstract

Background: Qualitatively risk to human health is the product of the probability that contaminated water or food will be ingested and the radiological consequence or damage due to the intake. The human being activities can increase the deposition and transportation of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the groundwater and surface water bodies. The determination of radionuclide concentration in twelve (12) drinking water in Mali, the calculation of annual effective dose due to their ingestion, the calculation of risk assessment, etc. will permit to the AMARAP to avoid any over exposition (determinist effects) and minimize as well the associated risk due to low doses (stochastic effects). Materials and Methods: The health impact due to ingestion of radionuclides from these drinking waters was evaluated by the determination of activity concentration of radionuclides U-238, Th-232 and K-40 using gamma spectrometry analysis. The concentration of gross alpha/beta counting was also evaluated and the radiological hazards were calculated in in these drinking waters. Results: The range of activity concentrations for U-238 vary from 0.24 ±0.02 to 9.42 ± 0.8 Bq/l, for Th-232 from 0.28 ± 0.02 to 5.54 ± 0.28 Bq/l and for K-40 from 0.44 ± 0.03 to 4.23± 0.23 Bq/l. The highest value of activity concentration for gross αβ radionuclides was reported in samples Emin05 (CRISTALINE) 2,4 Bq/l. The mean values of radiological hazard such as risk assessment (RA) and annual committed effective dose (AED) from this work were within the dose criteria limits given by international organizations (ICRP and UNSCEAR) and national standards. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results in this study, these drinking waters are safe for human consumption even if the risk (stochastic effect) associated with internal exposure due to low dose intakes exists. Based on obtained values, the probability of someone dying of cancer due to the ingestion of these drinking waters is less than 10^-5 in the Malian population.

Published in	Radiation Science and Technology (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12
Page(s)	36-40
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Activity Concentration, Annual Committed Effective Dose, Drinking Water, Risk Assessment

References

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[2]	F. P. Carvalho&A. Fajgelj. Radioactivity in Drinking Water: Routine Monitoring and Emergency Response. 2013.
[3]	International Atomique Energy Agency (IAEA). GSR part 3, Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards. VIC 2014.
[4]	International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP Publication 60), Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, (1990).
[5]	International Atomique Energy Agency (IAEA). Radiation, People and the Environment, (iaea.org). (February 2004).
[6]	United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports. Human development report 2020. The next frontier: human development and anthropocene [Internet]. UNDP; 2020.
[7]	Décret N°2014-0931/P-RM du 31 décembre 2014: Fixant les Règles Relatives à la Protection contre les Rayonnements Ionisants à la Sûreté et la Sécurité des Sources de Rayonnements Ionisants. In English: [Fixing relatives rules to protection against ionizing radiation, safety and security of ionizing radiation sources in Mali].
[8]	United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation [Internet]. UNSCEAR; 2008.
[9]	Hakam, O. K., A. Choukri, J. L. Reyss et al. Determination and comparison of uranium and radium isotopes activities and activity ratios in samples from some natural water sources in Morocco, 2001.
[10]	United Nations. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Volume I: Sources; Volume II: Effects. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. United Nations sales publications E.00.IX.3 and E.00.IX.4. United Nations, New York, 2000.
[11]	Godoy, J. M. and M. L. Godoy. Natural radioactivity in Brazilian groundwater, Brazil, 2006.
[12]	Godoy, J. M., E. C. S. Amaral and M. L. D. P. Godoy. Natural radionuclides in Brazilian mineral water and consequent doses to the population, Brazil, 2002.
[13]	National Environmental Protection Agency. Nationwide survey of environmental radioactivity level in China, 1990.
[14]	Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit. Umweltpolitik. Umweltradio-aktivität und Strahlenbelastung, Germany, 1994–2002.
[15]	Gellermann, R., J. Wiegand, L. Funke et al. Mineral waters with anomalous radium concentrations from the Northern Harz Mountain Region. p. 83-86 in: High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects (J. Peter, G. Schneider, A. Bayer et al., eds.). Volume II: Poster Presentations. BfS Schriften 24/2002. Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Salzgitter, Germany 2002.
[16]	Salonen, L. Natural radionuclides in ground water in Finland, 1988.
[17]	Vlcek, J. Internal report. National Radiation Protection Institute, Czech Republic, Prague, (1987).

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APA Style

Coulibaly, A., Ag Mohamed Dicko, A., Camara, O. (2023). Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry. Radiation Science and Technology, 9(3), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12

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ACS Style

Coulibaly, A.; Ag Mohamed Dicko, A.; Camara, O. Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry. Radiat. Sci. Technol. 2023, 9(3), 36-40. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12

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AMA Style

Coulibaly A, Ag Mohamed Dicko A, Camara O. Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry. Radiat Sci Technol. 2023;9(3):36-40. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12

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@article{10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12,
  author = {Adama Coulibaly and Aly Ag Mohamed Dicko and Oumou Camara},
  title = {Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry},
  journal = {Radiation Science and Technology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {36-40},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rst.20230903.12},
  abstract = {Background: Qualitatively risk to human health is the product of the probability that contaminated water or food will be ingested and the radiological consequence or damage due to the intake. The human being activities can increase the deposition and transportation of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the groundwater and surface water bodies. The determination of radionuclide concentration in twelve (12) drinking water in Mali, the calculation of annual effective dose due to their ingestion, the calculation of risk assessment, etc. will permit to the AMARAP to avoid any over exposition (determinist effects) and minimize as well the associated risk due to low doses (stochastic effects). Materials and Methods: The health impact due to ingestion of radionuclides from these drinking waters was evaluated by the determination of activity concentration of radionuclides U-238, Th-232 and K-40 using gamma spectrometry analysis. The concentration of gross alpha/beta counting was also evaluated and the radiological hazards were calculated in in these drinking waters. Results: The range of activity concentrations for U-238 vary from 0.24 ±0.02 to 9.42 ± 0.8 Bq/l, for Th-232 from 0.28 ± 0.02 to 5.54 ± 0.28 Bq/l and for K-40 from 0.44 ± 0.03 to 4.23± 0.23 Bq/l. The highest value of activity concentration for gross αβ radionuclides was reported in samples Emin05 (CRISTALINE) 2,4 Bq/l. The mean values of radiological hazard such as risk assessment (RA) and annual committed effective dose (AED) from this work were within the dose criteria limits given by international organizations (ICRP and UNSCEAR) and national standards. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results in this study, these drinking waters are safe for human consumption even if the risk (stochastic effect) associated with internal exposure due to low dose intakes exists. Based on obtained values, the probability of someone dying of cancer due to the ingestion of these drinking waters is less than 10-5 in the Malian population.
},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry
AU  - Adama Coulibaly
AU  - Aly Ag Mohamed Dicko
AU  - Oumou Camara
Y1  - 2023/11/09
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12
T2  - Radiation Science and Technology
JF  - Radiation Science and Technology
JO  - Radiation Science and Technology
SP  - 36
EP  - 40
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5943
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12
AB  - Background: Qualitatively risk to human health is the product of the probability that contaminated water or food will be ingested and the radiological consequence or damage due to the intake. The human being activities can increase the deposition and transportation of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the groundwater and surface water bodies. The determination of radionuclide concentration in twelve (12) drinking water in Mali, the calculation of annual effective dose due to their ingestion, the calculation of risk assessment, etc. will permit to the AMARAP to avoid any over exposition (determinist effects) and minimize as well the associated risk due to low doses (stochastic effects). Materials and Methods: The health impact due to ingestion of radionuclides from these drinking waters was evaluated by the determination of activity concentration of radionuclides U-238, Th-232 and K-40 using gamma spectrometry analysis. The concentration of gross alpha/beta counting was also evaluated and the radiological hazards were calculated in in these drinking waters. Results: The range of activity concentrations for U-238 vary from 0.24 ±0.02 to 9.42 ± 0.8 Bq/l, for Th-232 from 0.28 ± 0.02 to 5.54 ± 0.28 Bq/l and for K-40 from 0.44 ± 0.03 to 4.23± 0.23 Bq/l. The highest value of activity concentration for gross αβ radionuclides was reported in samples Emin05 (CRISTALINE) 2,4 Bq/l. The mean values of radiological hazard such as risk assessment (RA) and annual committed effective dose (AED) from this work were within the dose criteria limits given by international organizations (ICRP and UNSCEAR) and national standards. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results in this study, these drinking waters are safe for human consumption even if the risk (stochastic effect) associated with internal exposure due to low dose intakes exists. Based on obtained values, the probability of someone dying of cancer due to the ingestion of these drinking waters is less than 10-5 in the Malian population.

VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Adama Coulibaly

Regulatory Analysis Laboratory, Department of Control and Monitoring Territory, Malian Radiation Protection Agency (AMARAP), Bamako, Mali

Contact Email
Aly Ag Mohamed Dicko

Regulatory Analysis Laboratory, Department of Control and Monitoring Territory, Malian Radiation Protection Agency (AMARAP), Bamako, Mali

Contact Email
Oumou Camara

Regulatory Analysis Laboratory, Department of Control and Monitoring Territory, Malian Radiation Protection Agency (AMARAP), Bamako, Mali

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APA Style

Coulibaly, A., Ag Mohamed Dicko, A., Camara, O. (2023). Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry. Radiation Science and Technology, 9(3), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12

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ACS Style

Coulibaly, A.; Ag Mohamed Dicko, A.; Camara, O. Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry. Radiat. Sci. Technol. 2023, 9(3), 36-40. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12

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AMA Style

Coulibaly A, Ag Mohamed Dicko A, Camara O. Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry. Radiat Sci Technol. 2023;9(3):36-40. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12,
  author = {Adama Coulibaly and Aly Ag Mohamed Dicko and Oumou Camara},
  title = {Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry},
  journal = {Radiation Science and Technology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {36-40},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rst.20230903.12},
  abstract = {Background: Qualitatively risk to human health is the product of the probability that contaminated water or food will be ingested and the radiological consequence or damage due to the intake. The human being activities can increase the deposition and transportation of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the groundwater and surface water bodies. The determination of radionuclide concentration in twelve (12) drinking water in Mali, the calculation of annual effective dose due to their ingestion, the calculation of risk assessment, etc. will permit to the AMARAP to avoid any over exposition (determinist effects) and minimize as well the associated risk due to low doses (stochastic effects). Materials and Methods: The health impact due to ingestion of radionuclides from these drinking waters was evaluated by the determination of activity concentration of radionuclides U-238, Th-232 and K-40 using gamma spectrometry analysis. The concentration of gross alpha/beta counting was also evaluated and the radiological hazards were calculated in in these drinking waters. Results: The range of activity concentrations for U-238 vary from 0.24 ±0.02 to 9.42 ± 0.8 Bq/l, for Th-232 from 0.28 ± 0.02 to 5.54 ± 0.28 Bq/l and for K-40 from 0.44 ± 0.03 to 4.23± 0.23 Bq/l. The highest value of activity concentration for gross αβ radionuclides was reported in samples Emin05 (CRISTALINE) 2,4 Bq/l. The mean values of radiological hazard such as risk assessment (RA) and annual committed effective dose (AED) from this work were within the dose criteria limits given by international organizations (ICRP and UNSCEAR) and national standards. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results in this study, these drinking waters are safe for human consumption even if the risk (stochastic effect) associated with internal exposure due to low dose intakes exists. Based on obtained values, the probability of someone dying of cancer due to the ingestion of these drinking waters is less than 10-5 in the Malian population.
},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Radiological Hazards in Drinking Water (Mineral Water) Consumed by the Malian Population Using Gamma Spectrometry
AU  - Adama Coulibaly
AU  - Aly Ag Mohamed Dicko
AU  - Oumou Camara
Y1  - 2023/11/09
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12
T2  - Radiation Science and Technology
JF  - Radiation Science and Technology
JO  - Radiation Science and Technology
SP  - 36
EP  - 40
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5943
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230903.12
AB  - Background: Qualitatively risk to human health is the product of the probability that contaminated water or food will be ingested and the radiological consequence or damage due to the intake. The human being activities can increase the deposition and transportation of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the groundwater and surface water bodies. The determination of radionuclide concentration in twelve (12) drinking water in Mali, the calculation of annual effective dose due to their ingestion, the calculation of risk assessment, etc. will permit to the AMARAP to avoid any over exposition (determinist effects) and minimize as well the associated risk due to low doses (stochastic effects). Materials and Methods: The health impact due to ingestion of radionuclides from these drinking waters was evaluated by the determination of activity concentration of radionuclides U-238, Th-232 and K-40 using gamma spectrometry analysis. The concentration of gross alpha/beta counting was also evaluated and the radiological hazards were calculated in in these drinking waters. Results: The range of activity concentrations for U-238 vary from 0.24 ±0.02 to 9.42 ± 0.8 Bq/l, for Th-232 from 0.28 ± 0.02 to 5.54 ± 0.28 Bq/l and for K-40 from 0.44 ± 0.03 to 4.23± 0.23 Bq/l. The highest value of activity concentration for gross αβ radionuclides was reported in samples Emin05 (CRISTALINE) 2,4 Bq/l. The mean values of radiological hazard such as risk assessment (RA) and annual committed effective dose (AED) from this work were within the dose criteria limits given by international organizations (ICRP and UNSCEAR) and national standards. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results in this study, these drinking waters are safe for human consumption even if the risk (stochastic effect) associated with internal exposure due to low dose intakes exists. Based on obtained values, the probability of someone dying of cancer due to the ingestion of these drinking waters is less than 10-5 in the Malian population.

VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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