Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni; Odika Ifeoma Maryrose; Okoye Chuma Benedict

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

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Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict

Published in International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 4)

Received: 26 June 2023 Accepted: 12 July 2023 Published: 26 July 2023

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Abstract

This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.

Published in	International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
Page(s)	101-108
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Estimated Daily Intake, Human Health, Margin of Exposure, PAHs and Vegetable

References

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Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict. (2023). Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 12(4), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

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Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni; Odika Ifeoma Maryrose; Okoye Chuma Benedict. Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2023, 12(4), 101-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

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AMA Style

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict. Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2023;12(4):101-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13,
  author = {Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni and Odika Ifeoma Maryrose and Okoye Chuma Benedict},
  title = {Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {101-108},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  abstract = {This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria
AU  - Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni
AU  - Odika Ifeoma Maryrose
AU  - Okoye Chuma Benedict
Y1  - 2023/07/26
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
SP  - 101
EP  - 108
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2716
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
AB  - This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni

Department of Chemistry, Kogi State College of Education (T), Kabba, Nigeria
Odika Ifeoma Maryrose

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Okoye Chuma Benedict

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria

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Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict. (2023). Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 12(4), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

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Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni; Odika Ifeoma Maryrose; Okoye Chuma Benedict. Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2023, 12(4), 101-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

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AMA Style

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict. Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2023;12(4):101-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13,
  author = {Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni and Odika Ifeoma Maryrose and Okoye Chuma Benedict},
  title = {Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {101-108},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  abstract = {This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria
AU  - Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni
AU  - Odika Ifeoma Maryrose
AU  - Okoye Chuma Benedict
Y1  - 2023/07/26
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
SP  - 101
EP  - 108
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2716
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
AB  - This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

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