In this research, the comparative studies on solubility and thermodynamics properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with blends of activated palm kernel shell and carbonized palm kernel shell has been investigated. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) was locally sourced. washed and sun dried to remove accompanying and moisture. The PKS was then pulverized to particle size, carbonized at 600°C for one hour (1hr) using Carbolite furnaces and chemically activated using 0.1M H3PO4 and 0.1M KOH solutions. The NR-filler loading concentrations of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were compounded using two-roll mill. The solubility was done using three different solvents of water, kerosene and petrol respectively. The solubility results obtained for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS has no significance difference as the temperature varies when immersed in water. The solubility values observed for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.06g to 1.19g and 1.03g to 1.19g across the samples respectively. This shows that since the filler is an organic substance, it has little or no affinity for water. In the case of kerosene and petrol, both are organics and the filler is an organic substance which follows the statement ‘like-dissolves-like’ as the temperature increases, the absorption of kerosene is lower than that of petrol. The results recorded for kerosene across the samples of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.18g to 4.37g and 2.02g to 4.79g while the results for petrol ranges from 2.25g to 4.92g and 2.51g to 4.88g respectively. This may be due to the fact that petrol is volatile and flammable compared to kerosene. The results of the activation energy were a reflection of the solvent’s permeability except for water which showed contrary results. The results of the activation energy obtained for the three solvents across CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were 5.55 KJ/mol for water, kerosene with 9.48 KJ/mol and petrol with 13.61 KJ/mol respectively. The results observed for water might be due to its nature as the universal solvent being entirely different from other solvents in terms of reactivity and anomalous property. This means polar solvents dissolve polar molecules while nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar molecules. This research shows that both CB/APKS and CB/CPKS possess great potential in rubber system.
| Published in | International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 10, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11 |
| Page(s) | 46-54 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Solubility, Thermodynamics, Activation Energy, Filler, Carbonization and Chemical Activation
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APA Style
Malomo Dosu, Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo, Odidi Donald Okpo, Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan, Egharevba Owen, et al. (2021). Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 10(3), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11
ACS Style
Malomo Dosu; Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo; Odidi Donald Okpo; Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan; Egharevba Owen, et al. Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2021, 10(3), 46-54. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11
AMA Style
Malomo Dosu, Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo, Odidi Donald Okpo, Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan, Egharevba Owen, et al. Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2021;10(3):46-54. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11
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author = {Malomo Dosu and Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo and Odidi Donald Okpo and Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan and Egharevba Owen and Ehis-Iyoha Esohe and Momoh Dauda and Oseghale Faithful and Okpara Efe Godwin and Okoh Kenneth and Abimbade Sunday Felix},
title = {Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers},
journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {46-54},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20211003.11},
abstract = {In this research, the comparative studies on solubility and thermodynamics properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with blends of activated palm kernel shell and carbonized palm kernel shell has been investigated. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) was locally sourced. washed and sun dried to remove accompanying and moisture. The PKS was then pulverized to particle size, carbonized at 600°C for one hour (1hr) using Carbolite furnaces and chemically activated using 0.1M H3PO4 and 0.1M KOH solutions. The NR-filler loading concentrations of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were compounded using two-roll mill. The solubility was done using three different solvents of water, kerosene and petrol respectively. The solubility results obtained for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS has no significance difference as the temperature varies when immersed in water. The solubility values observed for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.06g to 1.19g and 1.03g to 1.19g across the samples respectively. This shows that since the filler is an organic substance, it has little or no affinity for water. In the case of kerosene and petrol, both are organics and the filler is an organic substance which follows the statement ‘like-dissolves-like’ as the temperature increases, the absorption of kerosene is lower than that of petrol. The results recorded for kerosene across the samples of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.18g to 4.37g and 2.02g to 4.79g while the results for petrol ranges from 2.25g to 4.92g and 2.51g to 4.88g respectively. This may be due to the fact that petrol is volatile and flammable compared to kerosene. The results of the activation energy were a reflection of the solvent’s permeability except for water which showed contrary results. The results of the activation energy obtained for the three solvents across CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were 5.55 KJ/mol for water, kerosene with 9.48 KJ/mol and petrol with 13.61 KJ/mol respectively. The results observed for water might be due to its nature as the universal solvent being entirely different from other solvents in terms of reactivity and anomalous property. This means polar solvents dissolve polar molecules while nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar molecules. This research shows that both CB/APKS and CB/CPKS possess great potential in rubber system.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers AU - Malomo Dosu AU - Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo AU - Odidi Donald Okpo AU - Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan AU - Egharevba Owen AU - Ehis-Iyoha Esohe AU - Momoh Dauda AU - Oseghale Faithful AU - Okpara Efe Godwin AU - Okoh Kenneth AU - Abimbade Sunday Felix Y1 - 2021/05/14 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11 T2 - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications JF - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications JO - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications SP - 46 EP - 54 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-2643 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20211003.11 AB - In this research, the comparative studies on solubility and thermodynamics properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with blends of activated palm kernel shell and carbonized palm kernel shell has been investigated. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) was locally sourced. washed and sun dried to remove accompanying and moisture. The PKS was then pulverized to particle size, carbonized at 600°C for one hour (1hr) using Carbolite furnaces and chemically activated using 0.1M H3PO4 and 0.1M KOH solutions. The NR-filler loading concentrations of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were compounded using two-roll mill. The solubility was done using three different solvents of water, kerosene and petrol respectively. The solubility results obtained for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS has no significance difference as the temperature varies when immersed in water. The solubility values observed for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.06g to 1.19g and 1.03g to 1.19g across the samples respectively. This shows that since the filler is an organic substance, it has little or no affinity for water. In the case of kerosene and petrol, both are organics and the filler is an organic substance which follows the statement ‘like-dissolves-like’ as the temperature increases, the absorption of kerosene is lower than that of petrol. The results recorded for kerosene across the samples of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.18g to 4.37g and 2.02g to 4.79g while the results for petrol ranges from 2.25g to 4.92g and 2.51g to 4.88g respectively. This may be due to the fact that petrol is volatile and flammable compared to kerosene. The results of the activation energy were a reflection of the solvent’s permeability except for water which showed contrary results. The results of the activation energy obtained for the three solvents across CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were 5.55 KJ/mol for water, kerosene with 9.48 KJ/mol and petrol with 13.61 KJ/mol respectively. The results observed for water might be due to its nature as the universal solvent being entirely different from other solvents in terms of reactivity and anomalous property. This means polar solvents dissolve polar molecules while nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar molecules. This research shows that both CB/APKS and CB/CPKS possess great potential in rubber system. VL - 10 IS - 3 ER -
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