Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods

SeChin Chang; Brian Condon; Sunghyun Nam

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11

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Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods

SeChin Chang, Brian Condon, Sunghyun Nam

Published in International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 6 August 2020 Accepted: 20 August 2020 Published: 16 October 2020

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Abstract

Traditional pad-dry-cure (PDC) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) methods were used to study the effectiveness of cotton fabrics treated with casein from bovine milk and eco-friendly inorganic materials, urea and diammonium phosphate. Trials were completed successfully. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), 45° angle and vertical flammability (clothing textiles test) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests were carried out for the treated cotton fabrics. When the treated fabrics were tested using the 45° angle flame, the ignited fabrics self-extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing embers upon self-extinguishing. All untreated cotton fabrics showed limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of about 18% oxygen in nitrogen. For formulations with casein, urea and diammonium phosphate, LOI values of treated fabrics were 29-40% oxygen in nitrogen when add-on values for the formulation were 9.5-18.7wt%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. The results indicate that fabrics treated with casein are flame resistant. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that casein coated flame-resistant fabrics can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications.

Published in	International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11
Page(s)	53-61
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Supercritical Fluids, Cotton, Flame-Resistant, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Flammability Tests

References

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APA Style

SeChin Chang, Brian Condon, Sunghyun Nam. (2020). Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 9(4), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11

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ACS Style

SeChin Chang; Brian Condon; Sunghyun Nam. Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2020, 9(4), 53-61. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11

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AMA Style

SeChin Chang, Brian Condon, Sunghyun Nam. Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2020;9(4):53-61. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11,
  author = {SeChin Chang and Brian Condon and Sunghyun Nam},
  title = {Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {53-61},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20200904.11},
  abstract = {Traditional pad-dry-cure (PDC) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) methods were used to study the effectiveness of cotton fabrics treated with casein from bovine milk and eco-friendly inorganic materials, urea and diammonium phosphate. Trials were completed successfully. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), 45° angle and vertical flammability (clothing textiles test) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests were carried out for the treated cotton fabrics. When the treated fabrics were tested using the 45° angle flame, the ignited fabrics self-extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing embers upon self-extinguishing. All untreated cotton fabrics showed limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of about 18% oxygen in nitrogen. For formulations with casein, urea and diammonium phosphate, LOI values of treated fabrics were 29-40% oxygen in nitrogen when add-on values for the formulation were 9.5-18.7wt%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. The results indicate that fabrics treated with casein are flame resistant. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that casein coated flame-resistant fabrics can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods
AU  - SeChin Chang
AU  - Brian Condon
AU  - Sunghyun Nam
Y1  - 2020/10/16
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11
T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP  - 53
EP  - 61
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11
AB  - Traditional pad-dry-cure (PDC) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) methods were used to study the effectiveness of cotton fabrics treated with casein from bovine milk and eco-friendly inorganic materials, urea and diammonium phosphate. Trials were completed successfully. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), 45° angle and vertical flammability (clothing textiles test) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests were carried out for the treated cotton fabrics. When the treated fabrics were tested using the 45° angle flame, the ignited fabrics self-extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing embers upon self-extinguishing. All untreated cotton fabrics showed limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of about 18% oxygen in nitrogen. For formulations with casein, urea and diammonium phosphate, LOI values of treated fabrics were 29-40% oxygen in nitrogen when add-on values for the formulation were 9.5-18.7wt%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. The results indicate that fabrics treated with casein are flame resistant. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that casein coated flame-resistant fabrics can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

SeChin Chang

Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, USA
Brian Condon

Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, USA
Sunghyun Nam

Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, USA

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SeChin Chang, Brian Condon, Sunghyun Nam. (2020). Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 9(4), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11

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ACS Style

SeChin Chang; Brian Condon; Sunghyun Nam. Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2020, 9(4), 53-61. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11

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AMA Style

SeChin Chang, Brian Condon, Sunghyun Nam. Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2020;9(4):53-61. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11,
  author = {SeChin Chang and Brian Condon and Sunghyun Nam},
  title = {Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {53-61},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20200904.11},
  abstract = {Traditional pad-dry-cure (PDC) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) methods were used to study the effectiveness of cotton fabrics treated with casein from bovine milk and eco-friendly inorganic materials, urea and diammonium phosphate. Trials were completed successfully. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), 45° angle and vertical flammability (clothing textiles test) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests were carried out for the treated cotton fabrics. When the treated fabrics were tested using the 45° angle flame, the ignited fabrics self-extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing embers upon self-extinguishing. All untreated cotton fabrics showed limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of about 18% oxygen in nitrogen. For formulations with casein, urea and diammonium phosphate, LOI values of treated fabrics were 29-40% oxygen in nitrogen when add-on values for the formulation were 9.5-18.7wt%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. The results indicate that fabrics treated with casein are flame resistant. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that casein coated flame-resistant fabrics can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development of Flame-Resistant Cotton Fabrics with Casein Using Pad-dry-cure and Supercritical Fluids Methods
AU  - SeChin Chang
AU  - Brian Condon
AU  - Sunghyun Nam
Y1  - 2020/10/16
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11
T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP  - 53
EP  - 61
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20200904.11
AB  - Traditional pad-dry-cure (PDC) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) methods were used to study the effectiveness of cotton fabrics treated with casein from bovine milk and eco-friendly inorganic materials, urea and diammonium phosphate. Trials were completed successfully. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), 45° angle and vertical flammability (clothing textiles test) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests were carried out for the treated cotton fabrics. When the treated fabrics were tested using the 45° angle flame, the ignited fabrics self-extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing embers upon self-extinguishing. All untreated cotton fabrics showed limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of about 18% oxygen in nitrogen. For formulations with casein, urea and diammonium phosphate, LOI values of treated fabrics were 29-40% oxygen in nitrogen when add-on values for the formulation were 9.5-18.7wt%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. The results indicate that fabrics treated with casein are flame resistant. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that casein coated flame-resistant fabrics can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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