| Peer-Reviewed

Production and Industrial Application of Microbial Aspartic Protease: A Review

Received: 19 October 2021     Accepted: 22 November 2021     Published: 11 December 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Proteases are one of the predominant groups of industrial enzymes and it represents for about 65% of the total global enzyme market. Proteases of microbial origin have great importance over plant sources because they minimize industrial production costs, increase characteristics of the desired products and widely used in biotechnological process. Among the protease enzymes, aspartic proteases are the most important groups of proteolytic enzymes which are mainly produced by plants, animals and many microorganisms to degrade large polypeptides into peptides and amino acids. Microorganisms are also mainly preferred in the production of aspartic protease since they have most of the characteristics desired for biotechnological application rather than plant protease. Aspartic proteases produced from microbial sources are widely used in pharmaceutical, protein hydrolysis, detergent, cheese-making, photographic, baking, meat, leather, food and beverage industries. Although acid protease is vital to enhance the demands of many food and other industries, there are factors affecting the production of aspartic protease. Hence, aspartic protease production using microorganisms is highly affected by various carbon and nitrogen substrates, divalent metal ions, pH, incubation temperature, time, agitation speeds, age of inoculum and density. This review highlights on the production and applications of microbial aspartic proteases.

Published in International Journal of Food Engineering and Technology (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17
Page(s) 68-73
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Production, Aspartic Protease, Microbial Enzymes, Submerged Fermentation, Solid State Fermentation

References
[1] Abidi, F., Chober T, J. -M., Haertlé, T. & marzouki, M. N. (2011). Purification and biochemical characterization of stable alkaline protease Prot-2 from Botrytis cinerea. Process Biochemistry, 46, 2301-2310.
[2] Alariya, S. S., Sethi, S., Gupta, S. & Lal, G. (2013). Amylase activity of a starch degrading bacteria isolated from soil. Archives of applied science Research, 5, 15-24.
[3] Daniel Yimer & Ameha Kebede. (2014). Production and Characterization of Bacterial Protease from Isolates of Soil and Agro-Industrial Wastes. Haramaya University.
[4] Ghani, M., Ansari, A., Aman, A., Zohra, R. R., Siddiqui, N. N. & Qader, S. A. U. (2013). Isolation and characterization of different strains of Bacillus licheniformis for the production of commercially significant enzymes. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci, 26, 691-697.
[5] Gomri, M. A., Rico-Díaz, A., Escuder-Rodríguez, J.-J., EL Moulouk Khaldi, T., González-Siso, M.-I. & Kharroub, K. 2018. Production and characterization of an extracellular acid protease from thermophilic Brevibacillus sp. OA30 isolated from an algerian hot spring. Microorganisms, 6, 31.
[6] González-rábade, N., Badillo-Corona, J. A., Aranda-Barradas, J. S. & Del Carmen Oliver-Salvador, M. (2011). Production of plant proteases in vivo and in vitro—a review. Biotechnology advances, 29, 983-996.
[7] Guo, Z. P., Zhang, L., Ding, Z. Y., Wang, Z. X. & Shi, G. Y. (2010). Improving the performance of industrial ethanol-producing yeast by expressing the aspartyl protease on the cell surface. Yeast, 27, 1017-1027.
[8] Gupta, R., Beg, Q., Khan, S. & Chauhan, B. (2002). An overview on fermentation, downstream processing and properties of microbial alkaline proteases. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 60, 381-395.
[9] Hassan, N., Rafiq, M., Rehman, M., Sajjad, W., Hasan, F. & Abdullah, S. (2018). Fungi in acidic fire: A potential source of industrially important enzymes. Fungal Biology Reviews.
[10] Hsiao, N.-W., Chen, Y., Kuan, Y.-C., Lee, Y.-C., Lee, S.-K., Chan, H.-H. & Kao, C.-H. (2014). Purification and characterization of an aspartic protease from the Rhizopus oryzae protease extract, Peptidase R. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 17, 89-94.
[11] Jermen Mamo & Fassil Assefa (2018). The role of microbial aspartic protease enzyme in food and beverage industries. Journal of Food Quality.
[12] Khandelwal, H. B. (2013). Production, purification and characterization of fungal alkaline protease and its applications.
[13] Kumar, D. M., Premavathi, V., Govindarajan, N., Nalakumaran, M. & Kalaichelvan, K. (2012). Production and purification of alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. MPTK 712 isolated from dairy sludge. Global Veterinaria, 8, 433-439.
[14] Lewis, M. J. & Lewis, A. S. (2003). Correlation of beer foam with other beer propeties. Technical quarterly & the MBAA communicator.
[15] Lopez, M. & Edens, L. (2005). Effective prevention of chill-haze in beer using an acid proline-specific endoprotease from Aspergillus niger. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53, 7944-7949.
[16] Maitig, A. M. A., Alhoot, M. A. & Tiwari, K. (2018). Isolation and Screening of Extracellular Protease Enzyme from Fungal Isolates of Soil. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 12, 2059-2068.
[17] Mandujano-Gonzalez, V., Villa-Tanaca, L., Anducho-Reyes, M. A. & Mercado-Flores, Y.(2016). Secreted fungal aspartic proteases: a review. Revista iberoamericana de micología, 33, 76-82.
[18] Marangon, M., Van Sluyter, S. C., Robinson, E. M. C., Muhlack, R. A., Holt, H. E., Haynes, P. A., Godden, P. W., Smith, P. A. & Waters, E. J. (2012). Degradation of white wine haze proteins by Aspergillopepsin I and II during juice flash pasteurization. Food Chemistry, 135, 1157-1165.
[19] Mishra, S. & Behera, N. (2008). Amylase activity of a starch degrading bacteria isolated from soil receiving kitchen wastes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7.
[20] Mukhtar, H. (2009). Production of acid protease by Aspergillus niger using solid state fermentation. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 41.
[21] Nadeem, M. (2009). Biotechnological production of alkaline protease for industrial use. University of the punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
[22] Nirmal, N., Shankar, S. & Laxman, R. (2011). Fungal proteases: an overview. International Journal of Biotechnology & Biosciences, 1, 1-40.
[23] Patel, G. (2015). Isolation and characterization of starch degrading bacteria from garden soil, Ganpat University, Gujarat, India. Indian Journal of Microbiology Research, 2, 111-114.
[24] Qureshi, A. S., Bhutto, M. A., Khushk, I. & Dahot, M. U. (2011). Optimization of cultural conditions for protease production by Bacillus subtilis EFRL 01. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 5173-5181.
[25] Sandhya, C., Nampoothiri, M. K. & Pandey (2005a). Microbial protease, in Microbial Enzyme and Biotransformation. J. L. Barredo, 165–180.
[26] Sandhya, C., Sumantha, A., Szakacs, G. & Pandey, A. (2005b). Comparative evaluation of neutral protease production by Aspergillus oryzae in submerged and solid-state fermentation. Process biochemistry, 40, 2689-2694.
[27] Sathya, R., Pradeep, B., Angayarkanni, J. & Palaniswamy, M. (2009). Production of milk clotting protease by a local isolate of Mucor circinelloides under SSF using agro-industrial wastes. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 14, 788-794.
[28] Sawant, R. & Nagendran, S. (2014). Protease: an enzyme with multiple industrial applications. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, 568-579.
[29] Shivakumar, S. (2012). Production and characterization of an acid protease from a local Aspergillus sp. by Solid substrate fermentation. Archives of Applied Science Research, 4, 188-199.
[30] Siala, R., Frikha, F., Mhamdi, S., Nasri, M. & Sellami Kamoun, A. (2012). Optimization of acid protease production by Aspergillus niger I1 on shrimp peptone using statistical experimental design. The Scientific World Journal.
[31] Singh, R., Kumar, M., Mittal, A. & Mehta, P. K. 2016. Microbial enzymes: industrial progress in 21st century. 3 Biotech, 6, 1-15.
[32] Souza, P. M., Werneck, G., Aliakbarian, B., Siqueira, F., Ferreira filho, E. X., Perego, P., Converti, A., Magalhães, P. O. & Junior, A. P. (2017). Production, purification and characterization of an aspartic protease from Aspergillus foetidus. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 109, 1103-1110.
[33] Souza, P. M. D., Bittencourt, M. L. D. A., Caprara, C. C., Freitas, M. D., Almeida, R. P. C. D., Silveira, D., Fonseca, Y. M., Ferreira FILHO, E. X., Pessoa Junior, A. & Magalhães, P. O. (2015). A biotechnology perspective of fungal proteases. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 46, 337-346.
[34] Steiner, E., Becker, T. & GASTL, M. (2010). Turbidity and haze formation in beer—Insights and overview. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 116, 360-368.
[35] Sumantha, A., Larroche, C. & Pandey, A. (2006). Microbiology and industrial biotechnology of food-grade proteases: a perspective. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 44, 211.
[36] Synowiecki, J. 2010. Some applications of thermophiles and their enzymes for protein processing. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 7020-7025.
[37] Szecsi, P. B. (1992). The aspartic proteases. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 52, 5-22.
[38] Theron, L. W. & Divol, B. (2014). Microbial aspartic proteases: current and potential applications in industry. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 98, 8853-8868.
[39] Van sluyter, S. C., Mcrae, J. M., Falconer, R. J., Smith, P. A., Bacic, A., Waters, E. J. & marangon, M. (2015). Wine protein haze: mechanisms of formation and advances in prevention. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 63, 4020-4030.
[40] Vishwanatha, K. (2009). Acid protease from Aspergillus oryzae: Structure-stability and enhancement of the activity by physical, chemical and molecular biological approaches. University of Mysore.
[41] Vishwanatha, K., Rao, A. A. & Singh, S. A. (2010). Acid protease production by solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5341: optimization of process parameters. Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology, 37, 129-138.
[42] Waters, E. J., Alexander, G., Muhlack, R., Pocock, K., Colby, C., o'neill, B., Høj, P. & Jones, P. (2005). Preventing protein haze in bottled white wine. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 11, 215-225.
[43] Yegin, S. & Dekker, P. (2013). Progress in the field of aspartic proteinases in cheese manufacturing: structures, functions, catalytic mechanism, inhibition, and engineering. Dairy science & technology, 93, 565-594.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Fikadu Hailemichael. (2021). Production and Industrial Application of Microbial Aspartic Protease: A Review. International Journal of Food Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 68-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Fikadu Hailemichael. Production and Industrial Application of Microbial Aspartic Protease: A Review. Int. J. Food Eng. Technol. 2021, 5(2), 68-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Fikadu Hailemichael. Production and Industrial Application of Microbial Aspartic Protease: A Review. Int J Food Eng Technol. 2021;5(2):68-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17,
      author = {Fikadu Hailemichael},
      title = {Production and Industrial Application of Microbial Aspartic Protease: A Review},
      journal = {International Journal of Food Engineering and Technology},
      volume = {5},
      number = {2},
      pages = {68-73},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijfet.20210502.17},
      abstract = {Proteases are one of the predominant groups of industrial enzymes and it represents for about 65% of the total global enzyme market. Proteases of microbial origin have great importance over plant sources because they minimize industrial production costs, increase characteristics of the desired products and widely used in biotechnological process. Among the protease enzymes, aspartic proteases are the most important groups of proteolytic enzymes which are mainly produced by plants, animals and many microorganisms to degrade large polypeptides into peptides and amino acids. Microorganisms are also mainly preferred in the production of aspartic protease since they have most of the characteristics desired for biotechnological application rather than plant protease. Aspartic proteases produced from microbial sources are widely used in pharmaceutical, protein hydrolysis, detergent, cheese-making, photographic, baking, meat, leather, food and beverage industries. Although acid protease is vital to enhance the demands of many food and other industries, there are factors affecting the production of aspartic protease. Hence, aspartic protease production using microorganisms is highly affected by various carbon and nitrogen substrates, divalent metal ions, pH, incubation temperature, time, agitation speeds, age of inoculum and density. This review highlights on the production and applications of microbial aspartic proteases.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Production and Industrial Application of Microbial Aspartic Protease: A Review
    AU  - Fikadu Hailemichael
    Y1  - 2021/12/11
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17
    T2  - International Journal of Food Engineering and Technology
    JF  - International Journal of Food Engineering and Technology
    JO  - International Journal of Food Engineering and Technology
    SP  - 68
    EP  - 73
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2640-1584
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.17
    AB  - Proteases are one of the predominant groups of industrial enzymes and it represents for about 65% of the total global enzyme market. Proteases of microbial origin have great importance over plant sources because they minimize industrial production costs, increase characteristics of the desired products and widely used in biotechnological process. Among the protease enzymes, aspartic proteases are the most important groups of proteolytic enzymes which are mainly produced by plants, animals and many microorganisms to degrade large polypeptides into peptides and amino acids. Microorganisms are also mainly preferred in the production of aspartic protease since they have most of the characteristics desired for biotechnological application rather than plant protease. Aspartic proteases produced from microbial sources are widely used in pharmaceutical, protein hydrolysis, detergent, cheese-making, photographic, baking, meat, leather, food and beverage industries. Although acid protease is vital to enhance the demands of many food and other industries, there are factors affecting the production of aspartic protease. Hence, aspartic protease production using microorganisms is highly affected by various carbon and nitrogen substrates, divalent metal ions, pH, incubation temperature, time, agitation speeds, age of inoculum and density. This review highlights on the production and applications of microbial aspartic proteases.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Food Science and Nutrition Research, National Fishery and Aquatic Life Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Sebeta, Ethiopia

  • Sections