G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies

Naif Taleb Ali; Safa Omer Mohamad Salih Awad Allah; Noor Mahmoud Ali

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11

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G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies

Naif Taleb Ali^*

, Safa Omer Mohamad Salih Awad Allah, Noor Mahmoud Ali

Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 11, Issue 6)

Received: 22 February 2025 Accepted: 20 September 2025 Published: 17 December 2025

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Abstract

The coexistence of malaria and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency presents a critical therapeutic challenge in Sudan. This review systematically assesses G6PD enzyme activity among Sudanese malaria patients, focusing on prevalence, genetic epidemiology, and implications for 8-aminoquinoline-based therapies. We conducted a systematic literature review of multiple databases and institutional reports from 2000 to 2025. Our synthesis reveals a high and heterogeneous prevalence of G6PD deficiency (10-20% across different states), dominated by Mediterranean and A- variants. Recent 2025 evidence clarifies that this protective effect against P. falciparum is significant specifically in populations with high (>13%) G6PD deficiency prevalence, explaining the evolutionary persistence of this trait in Sudan. A critical finding is the inadequacy of current qualitative rapid diagnostic tests for detecting intermediate deficiencies, particularly in heterozygous females. Crucially, 2025 meta-analyses identify the STANDARD G6PD Test as a superior quantitative point-of-care solution, while Sudanese implementation studies demonstrate that AI-driven clinical decision support can increase protocol adherence to 96.8%. We conclude with an evidence-based, phased implementation framework for integrating quantitative G6PD testing into national programs. Urgent investment in these advanced diagnostics, coupled with further safety research and digital support tools, is paramount for optimizing patient safety, ensuring equitable treatment access, and achieving malaria elimination goals in Sudan.

Published in	International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 11, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11
Page(s)	95-101
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Malaria, Plasmodium Falciparum, Primaquine, Point-of-Care Testing, Implementation Science, Sudan, Precision Public Health

References

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APA Style

Ali, N. T., Allah, S. O. M. S. A., Ali, N. M. (2025). G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 11(6), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11

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ACS Style

Ali, N. T.; Allah, S. O. M. S. A.; Ali, N. M. G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2025, 11(6), 95-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11

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AMA Style

Ali NT, Allah SOMSA, Ali NM. G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2025;11(6):95-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11,
  author = {Naif Taleb Ali and Safa Omer Mohamad Salih Awad Allah and Noor Mahmoud Ali},
  title = {G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
  volume = {11},
  number = {6},
  pages = {95-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20251106.11},
  abstract = {The coexistence of malaria and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency presents a critical therapeutic challenge in Sudan. This review systematically assesses G6PD enzyme activity among Sudanese malaria patients, focusing on prevalence, genetic epidemiology, and implications for 8-aminoquinoline-based therapies. We conducted a systematic literature review of multiple databases and institutional reports from 2000 to 2025. Our synthesis reveals a high and heterogeneous prevalence of G6PD deficiency (10-20% across different states), dominated by Mediterranean and A- variants. Recent 2025 evidence clarifies that this protective effect against P. falciparum is significant specifically in populations with high (>13%) G6PD deficiency prevalence, explaining the evolutionary persistence of this trait in Sudan. A critical finding is the inadequacy of current qualitative rapid diagnostic tests for detecting intermediate deficiencies, particularly in heterozygous females. Crucially, 2025 meta-analyses identify the STANDARD G6PD Test as a superior quantitative point-of-care solution, while Sudanese implementation studies demonstrate that AI-driven clinical decision support can increase protocol adherence to 96.8%. We conclude with an evidence-based, phased implementation framework for integrating quantitative G6PD testing into national programs. Urgent investment in these advanced diagnostics, coupled with further safety research and digital support tools, is paramount for optimizing patient safety, ensuring equitable treatment access, and achieving malaria elimination goals in Sudan.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies
AU  - Naif Taleb Ali
AU  - Safa Omer Mohamad Salih Awad Allah
AU  - Noor Mahmoud Ali
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DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
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EP  - 101
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8032
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11
AB  - The coexistence of malaria and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency presents a critical therapeutic challenge in Sudan. This review systematically assesses G6PD enzyme activity among Sudanese malaria patients, focusing on prevalence, genetic epidemiology, and implications for 8-aminoquinoline-based therapies. We conducted a systematic literature review of multiple databases and institutional reports from 2000 to 2025. Our synthesis reveals a high and heterogeneous prevalence of G6PD deficiency (10-20% across different states), dominated by Mediterranean and A- variants. Recent 2025 evidence clarifies that this protective effect against P. falciparum is significant specifically in populations with high (>13%) G6PD deficiency prevalence, explaining the evolutionary persistence of this trait in Sudan. A critical finding is the inadequacy of current qualitative rapid diagnostic tests for detecting intermediate deficiencies, particularly in heterozygous females. Crucially, 2025 meta-analyses identify the STANDARD G6PD Test as a superior quantitative point-of-care solution, while Sudanese implementation studies demonstrate that AI-driven clinical decision support can increase protocol adherence to 96.8%. We conclude with an evidence-based, phased implementation framework for integrating quantitative G6PD testing into national programs. Urgent investment in these advanced diagnostics, coupled with further safety research and digital support tools, is paramount for optimizing patient safety, ensuring equitable treatment access, and achieving malaria elimination goals in Sudan.
VL  - 11
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Naif Taleb Ali

Department of Laboratory Sciences, Lahej University, Alhouta, Yemen;Department of Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Aden, Yemen

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2266-1569
Safa Omer Mohamad Salih Awad Allah

Department of Hematology, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
Noor Mahmoud Ali

Department of Hematology, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan

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APA Style

Ali, N. T., Allah, S. O. M. S. A., Ali, N. M. (2025). G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 11(6), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11

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ACS Style

Ali, N. T.; Allah, S. O. M. S. A.; Ali, N. M. G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2025, 11(6), 95-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11

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AMA Style

Ali NT, Allah SOMSA, Ali NM. G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2025;11(6):95-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11,
  author = {Naif Taleb Ali and Safa Omer Mohamad Salih Awad Allah and Noor Mahmoud Ali},
  title = {G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
  volume = {11},
  number = {6},
  pages = {95-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20251106.11},
  abstract = {The coexistence of malaria and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency presents a critical therapeutic challenge in Sudan. This review systematically assesses G6PD enzyme activity among Sudanese malaria patients, focusing on prevalence, genetic epidemiology, and implications for 8-aminoquinoline-based therapies. We conducted a systematic literature review of multiple databases and institutional reports from 2000 to 2025. Our synthesis reveals a high and heterogeneous prevalence of G6PD deficiency (10-20% across different states), dominated by Mediterranean and A- variants. Recent 2025 evidence clarifies that this protective effect against P. falciparum is significant specifically in populations with high (>13%) G6PD deficiency prevalence, explaining the evolutionary persistence of this trait in Sudan. A critical finding is the inadequacy of current qualitative rapid diagnostic tests for detecting intermediate deficiencies, particularly in heterozygous females. Crucially, 2025 meta-analyses identify the STANDARD G6PD Test as a superior quantitative point-of-care solution, while Sudanese implementation studies demonstrate that AI-driven clinical decision support can increase protocol adherence to 96.8%. We conclude with an evidence-based, phased implementation framework for integrating quantitative G6PD testing into national programs. Urgent investment in these advanced diagnostics, coupled with further safety research and digital support tools, is paramount for optimizing patient safety, ensuring equitable treatment access, and achieving malaria elimination goals in Sudan.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - G6PD Deficiency and Malaria in Sudan: Advancing Precision Public Health Through Novel Diagnostic Technologies and Implementation Strategies
AU  - Naif Taleb Ali
AU  - Safa Omer Mohamad Salih Awad Allah
AU  - Noor Mahmoud Ali
Y1  - 2025/12/17
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
SP  - 95
EP  - 101
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8032
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20251106.11
AB  - The coexistence of malaria and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency presents a critical therapeutic challenge in Sudan. This review systematically assesses G6PD enzyme activity among Sudanese malaria patients, focusing on prevalence, genetic epidemiology, and implications for 8-aminoquinoline-based therapies. We conducted a systematic literature review of multiple databases and institutional reports from 2000 to 2025. Our synthesis reveals a high and heterogeneous prevalence of G6PD deficiency (10-20% across different states), dominated by Mediterranean and A- variants. Recent 2025 evidence clarifies that this protective effect against P. falciparum is significant specifically in populations with high (>13%) G6PD deficiency prevalence, explaining the evolutionary persistence of this trait in Sudan. A critical finding is the inadequacy of current qualitative rapid diagnostic tests for detecting intermediate deficiencies, particularly in heterozygous females. Crucially, 2025 meta-analyses identify the STANDARD G6PD Test as a superior quantitative point-of-care solution, while Sudanese implementation studies demonstrate that AI-driven clinical decision support can increase protocol adherence to 96.8%. We conclude with an evidence-based, phased implementation framework for integrating quantitative G6PD testing into national programs. Urgent investment in these advanced diagnostics, coupled with further safety research and digital support tools, is paramount for optimizing patient safety, ensuring equitable treatment access, and achieving malaria elimination goals in Sudan.
VL  - 11
IS  - 6
ER  -

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