Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines

Leszek Czarnecki; Motab Almousa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11

| Peer-Reviewed

Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines

Leszek Czarnecki, Motab Almousa

Published in American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (Volume 10, Issue 3)

Received: 13 January 2021 Accepted: 23 February 2021 Published: 20 May 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

A method of the design of an adaptive balancing reactive compensator in four-wire systems with linear loads and nonsinusoidal voltage is described in this article. The method of compensation is founded on the Currents’ Physical Components (CPC) – based power theory of three-phase systems with nonsinusoidal voltages and currents. The compensator is built of two sub-compensators of Y and  structure, respectively. The Y compensator reduces the reactive current and the zero sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current. The  compensator reduces the negative sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current. The positive sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current and the scattered current remain uncompensated. It is because shunt reactive compensators do not have any capability for that. Thyristor Switched Inductors (TSIs) enable the susceptance control of the compensator branches, referred to in the article as Thyristor Controlled Susceptance (TCS) branches. Periodic switching of thyristors in these branches causes the generation of harmonic currents, in particular the third-order harmonic. Moreover, in the presence of the supply voltage harmonics, a resonance of the equivalent capacitance of the compensator with the distribution system inductance can occur. These two harmful phenomena in the compensator suggested were reduced by the selection of a special structure of the TCS branches and their LC parameters. The presented method of the adaptive compensator synthesis was verified in the article with a numerical example and results of computer modeling of the load with an adaptive compensator.

Published in	American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (Volume 10, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11
Page(s)	32-42
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Asymmetrical Systems, CPC, Currents’ Physical Components, Unbalanced Loads, Power Definitions

References

[1]	Ch. P. Steinmetz, Theory and calculation of electrical appa- ratur, McGraw-Hill Book Comp., New York, 1917.
[2]	M. M. A. Aziz, at all, “LC compensator for power factor cor- rection of non-linear loads”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 331-335, 2004.
[3]	S.-J. Jeon, “Passive-component-based reactive power compen- sation in a non-sinusoidal multi-line system”, Electrical Engi- neering, Vol. 102, pp. 1567-1577, 2020.
[4]	D. Maiti, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Biswas, “Three-phase thyri- stor controlled reactor using two sets of delta connected switches with low current harmonics”, IET Power Electronics, DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel, 2019.
[5]	S. Morello, T. J. Dionise, T. L. Mank, “Comprehensive analysis to specify a static var compensator for an arc furnace”, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 1153-1160, 2015.
[6]	A. Luo, Z. Shuai, W. Zhu, Z. J. Shen, “Combined system for harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 418-420, 2009.
[7]	L. S. Czarnecki, “Orthogonal decomposition of the current in a three-phase nonlinear symmetrical circuit with nonsinusoidal voltage”, IEEE Trans. on Instr. and Meas., Vol. M-37, No. 1, pp. 30-34, 1988.
[8]	L. S. Czarnecki, “Reactive and unbalanced currents compen- sation in three-phase circuits under nonsinusoidal conditions”, IEEE Trans. on Instr. and Meas., IM-38, No. 3, pp. 754-459, 1989.
[9]	L. S. Czarnecki, P. H. Haley, “Power properties of four-wire systems with nonsinusoidal symmetrical voltage”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 513-521, 2016.
[10]	L. S. Czarnecki, “CPC–based reactive balancing of linear loads in four-wire supply systems with nonsinusoidal voltage”, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, R. 95, Nr. 95, pp. 1-8, 2019.
[11]	L. S. Czarnecki, M. Almousa, "Adaptive balancing of three- phase loads at four-wire supply with reactive compensators and nonsinusoidal voltage, "2020 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conf. (TPEC), A&M University, USA, pp. 1-6, DOI: 10.1109/TPEC48276.2020.9042572, 2020.
[12]	O. Jordi, L. Sainz, M. Chindris, “Steinmetz system design under unbalanced conditions”, European Trans. on Electrical Power ETEP, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 283-290, 2002.
[13]	D. Mayer, P. Kropik, “New approach to symmetrization of three-phase networks”, Int. Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 56, No. 5-6, pp. 156-161, 2005.
[14]	F. de Leon, J. Cohen, “A practical approach to power factor definitions: transmission losses, reactive power compensation, and machine utilization”, Proc. of the Power Eng. Soc. Meeting, IEEE DOI: 10.1109/PES.2006.1709175, 2006.
[15]	W. G. Morsi, M. E. El-Hawary, “Defining power components in nonsinusoidal unbalanced polyphase systems: the issues”, IEEE Trans. on PD., Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 2428-2437, 2007.
[16]	M. Malengret, C. T. Gaunt, “Active currents, power factor, and apparent power for practical power delivery systems”, IEEE Access, Vol. 8, pp. 133095-133113, 2020.
[17]	L. S. Czarnecki, “Currents’ Physical Components (CPC)  based Power Theory. A Review, Part I: Power properties of electrical circuits and systems”, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, Nr. 95, pp. 1-11, Nr. 10/2019.
[18]	L. S. Czarnecki, “Currents’ Physical Components (CPC) – based Power Theory. A Review, Part II: Filters and reactive, switching and hybrid compensators”, Przeglad Elektrotech- niczny, R. 96, Nr. 4, pp. 1-11, 2020.
[19]	D. A. Steeper, R. P. Stratford, “Reactive power compensation and harmonic suppression for industrial power systems using thyristor converters”, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., Vol. IA-12, No. 3, 232-254, 1976.
[20]	J. E. Miller, Reactive power control in electric systems, John Willey & Sons, 1982.
[21]	H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae, “Instantaneous reactive power compensator comprising switching devices without energy storage components”, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., IA-20, No. 3, pp. 625-630, 1984.
[22]	N. Balabanian, Network Synthesis, Prantice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New York, 1958.
[23]	L. S. Czarnecki, M. S. Hsu, “Thyristor controlled susceptances for balancing compensators operated under nonsinusoidal conditions”, Proc. IEE, B, EPA, Vol. 141, No. 4, pp. 177-185, 1994.
[24]	L. S. Czarnecki, “Do energy oscillations degrade the effective- ness of energy transfer in electrical systems,” IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2021.3051314, pp. 1-10, 2021.
[25]	L. S. Czarnecki, M. Almousa and V. M. Gadiraju, "Why the Electric Arc Nonlinearity Improves the Power Factor of Ac Arc Furnaces?," 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), Palermo, Italy, 2018, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493860.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Leszek Czarnecki, Motab Almousa. (2021). Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 10(3), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Leszek Czarnecki; Motab Almousa. Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines. Am. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2021, 10(3), 32-42. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Leszek Czarnecki, Motab Almousa. Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines. Am J Electr Power Energy Syst. 2021;10(3):32-42. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11,
  author = {Leszek Czarnecki and Motab Almousa},
  title = {Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines},
  journal = {American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {32-42},
  doi = {10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.epes.20211003.11},
  abstract = {A method of the design of an adaptive balancing reactive compensator in four-wire systems with linear loads and nonsinusoidal voltage is described in this article. The method of compensation is founded on the Currents’ Physical Components (CPC) – based power theory of three-phase systems with nonsinusoidal voltages and currents. The compensator is built of two sub-compensators of Y and  structure, respectively. The Y compensator reduces the reactive current and the zero sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current. The  compensator reduces the negative sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current. The positive sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current and the scattered current remain uncompensated. It is because shunt reactive compensators do not have any capability for that. Thyristor Switched Inductors (TSIs) enable the susceptance control of the compensator branches, referred to in the article as Thyristor Controlled Susceptance (TCS) branches. Periodic switching of thyristors in these branches causes the generation of harmonic currents, in particular the third-order harmonic. Moreover, in the presence of the supply voltage harmonics, a resonance of the equivalent capacitance of the compensator with the distribution system inductance can occur. These two harmful phenomena in the compensator suggested were reduced by the selection of a special structure of the TCS branches and their LC parameters. The presented method of the adaptive compensator synthesis was verified in the article with a numerical example and results of computer modeling of the load with an adaptive compensator.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines
AU - Leszek Czarnecki
AU - Motab Almousa
Y1 - 2021/05/20
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11
DO - 10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11
T2 - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
JF - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
JO - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
SP - 32
EP - 42
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2326-9200
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11
AB - A method of the design of an adaptive balancing reactive compensator in four-wire systems with linear loads and nonsinusoidal voltage is described in this article. The method of compensation is founded on the Currents’ Physical Components (CPC) – based power theory of three-phase systems with nonsinusoidal voltages and currents. The compensator is built of two sub-compensators of Y and  structure, respectively. The Y compensator reduces the reactive current and the zero sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current. The  compensator reduces the negative sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current. The positive sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current and the scattered current remain uncompensated. It is because shunt reactive compensators do not have any capability for that. Thyristor Switched Inductors (TSIs) enable the susceptance control of the compensator branches, referred to in the article as Thyristor Controlled Susceptance (TCS) branches. Periodic switching of thyristors in these branches causes the generation of harmonic currents, in particular the third-order harmonic. Moreover, in the presence of the supply voltage harmonics, a resonance of the equivalent capacitance of the compensator with the distribution system inductance can occur. These two harmful phenomena in the compensator suggested were reduced by the selection of a special structure of the TCS branches and their LC parameters. The presented method of the adaptive compensator synthesis was verified in the article with a numerical example and results of computer modeling of the load with an adaptive compensator.
VL - 10
IS - 3
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Leszek Czarnecki

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
Motab Almousa

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Leszek Czarnecki, Motab Almousa. (2021). Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 10(3), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Leszek Czarnecki; Motab Almousa. Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines. Am. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2021, 10(3), 32-42. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Leszek Czarnecki, Motab Almousa. Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines. Am J Electr Power Energy Syst. 2021;10(3):32-42. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11,
  author = {Leszek Czarnecki and Motab Almousa},
  title = {Adaptive Balancing by Reactive Compensators of Three-Phase Linear Loads Supplied by Nonsinusoidal Voltage from Four-Wire Lines},
  journal = {American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {32-42},
  doi = {10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20211003.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.epes.20211003.11},
  abstract = {A method of the design of an adaptive balancing reactive compensator in four-wire systems with linear loads and nonsinusoidal voltage is described in this article. The method of compensation is founded on the Currents’ Physical Components (CPC) – based power theory of three-phase systems with nonsinusoidal voltages and currents. The compensator is built of two sub-compensators of Y and  structure, respectively. The Y compensator reduces the reactive current and the zero sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current. The  compensator reduces the negative sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current. The positive sequence symmetrical component of the unbalanced current and the scattered current remain uncompensated. It is because shunt reactive compensators do not have any capability for that. Thyristor Switched Inductors (TSIs) enable the susceptance control of the compensator branches, referred to in the article as Thyristor Controlled Susceptance (TCS) branches. Periodic switching of thyristors in these branches causes the generation of harmonic currents, in particular the third-order harmonic. Moreover, in the presence of the supply voltage harmonics, a resonance of the equivalent capacitance of the compensator with the distribution system inductance can occur. These two harmful phenomena in the compensator suggested were reduced by the selection of a special structure of the TCS branches and their LC parameters. The presented method of the adaptive compensator synthesis was verified in the article with a numerical example and results of computer modeling of the load with an adaptive compensator.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download