Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder

Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel; Djomi Rolland; Mveh Chantal Marguerite; Tchotang Theodore; Touani Chualeu Parfait; Ngohe Ekam Paul Salomon

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13

Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder

Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel, Djomi Rolland, Mveh Chantal Marguerite, Tchotang Theodore, Touani Chualeu Parfait, Ngohe Ekam Paul Salomon

Published in American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 5)

Received: 1 September 2022 Accepted: 15 September 2022 Published: 11 October 2022

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Abstract

The work presented in this article consists in demonstrating that the mixture of clay from clay soils and palm nut shell powder is possible for the production of raw clay bricks. For that, we have made characterizations of the mixture of the powder of shells of palm kernel and the clay resulting from the argillaceous grounds of Nomayos which was the subject of a publication. Then, we made the bricks with 0% of load and with 30% of load that we had characterized physically, chemically, thermally and mechanically. The results of the physical characterization allowed us to conclude that the density of the material decreases when it is loaded with 30% of palm kernel shell powder but increases and improves the resistance to bending and compression for the same percentage of load. For the results of the thermal characterization, the ATG, the DSC and the DTG showed: for the clay brick, the presence of free water, Kaolinite, illite and Quartz in important proportion affirming that this clay is of the kaolinite type. For the shells, the presence of free water, cellulose, and lignin; for the mixture with 30% of palm kernel shell powder, the presence of both free water, Kaolinite, illite, Quartz, cellulose, and lignin showing the presence of both clay and shells in the mixture. For the results of the chemical characterization, FTIR showed: for clay, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm^-1 and 2865 cm^-1, absorption peaks at 1554 cm^-1, 1494 cm^-1 and 693 cm^-1 and a peak near 1307 cm^-1. For the shells, the presence of intensity bands at 2924.39 cm^-1, average intensity of the fine band between 1509.08 cm^-1 and 1606.26 cm^-1, intensity peaks between 1372.10 cm^-1 and 1317.91 then 1239.65-1030.05 cm^-1. For the clay-shell mixture, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm^-1 and 2865 cm^-1 corresponding to asymmetric and symmetric elongation vibrations of the -CH₂ groups showing the presence of the clay silane. The peaks of intensity between 1239.65 and 1030.05 cm^-1 can be attributed to the -C-O groups of alcohols, Esther, ether, amorphous silica or -C-O bonds of celluloses and lignins showing the presence of the shells in the mixture.

Published in	American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13
Page(s)	191-200
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Clay Bricks, ATG, IRTF, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength

References

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[13]	Djomi, R., Meva’a, L. J. R., Nganhou, J., Mbobda, G., Njom, A. E., Bampel, Y. D. M., & Tchinda, J. B. S. (2018). Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization of Dura Palm Kernel Powder as a Load for Polymers: Case of Polyvinyl Chloride. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 6 (6), 1-18. Doi: 10.4236/msce.2018.66001.
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[18]	Belaid, F., & Chelouah, N. (2020). Study of the influence of Crushed Date Kernels (CDN) additions on the physical-mechanical and thermal characteristics of a compressed raw earth brick (CREB) (Doctoral dissertation, Abderrahmane Mira-Bejaia University). http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/13704
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Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel, Djomi Rolland, Mveh Chantal Marguerite, Tchotang Theodore, Touani Chualeu Parfait, et al. (2022). Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 10(5), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13

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Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel; Djomi Rolland; Mveh Chantal Marguerite; Tchotang Theodore; Touani Chualeu Parfait, et al. Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 191-200. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13

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AMA Style

Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel, Djomi Rolland, Mveh Chantal Marguerite, Tchotang Theodore, Touani Chualeu Parfait, et al. Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder. Am J Civ Eng. 2022;10(5):191-200. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13,
  author = {Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel and Djomi Rolland and Mveh Chantal Marguerite and Tchotang Theodore and Touani Chualeu Parfait and Ngohe Ekam Paul Salomon},
  title = {Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {191-200},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20221005.13},
  abstract = {The work presented in this article consists in demonstrating that the mixture of clay from clay soils and palm nut shell powder is possible for the production of raw clay bricks.  For that, we have made characterizations of the mixture of the powder of shells of palm kernel and the clay resulting from the argillaceous grounds of Nomayos which was the subject of a publication. Then, we made the bricks with 0% of load and with 30% of load that we had characterized physically, chemically, thermally and mechanically. The results of the physical characterization allowed us to conclude that the density of the material decreases when it is loaded with 30% of palm kernel shell powder but increases and improves the resistance to bending and compression for the same percentage of load. For the results of the thermal characterization, the ATG, the DSC and the DTG showed: for the clay brick, the presence of free water, Kaolinite, illite and Quartz in important proportion affirming that this clay is of the kaolinite type. For the shells, the presence of free water, cellulose, and lignin; for the mixture with 30% of palm kernel shell powder, the presence of both free water, Kaolinite, illite, Quartz, cellulose, and lignin showing the presence of both clay and shells in the mixture. For the results of the chemical characterization, FTIR showed: for clay, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm-1 and 2865 cm-1, absorption peaks at 1554 cm-1, 1494 cm-1 and 693 cm-1 and a peak near 1307 cm-1. For the shells, the presence of intensity bands at 2924.39 cm-1, average intensity of the fine band between 1509.08 cm-1 and 1606.26 cm-1, intensity peaks between 1372.10 cm-1 and 1317.91 then 1239.65-1030.05 cm-1. For the clay-shell mixture, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm-1 and 2865 cm-1 corresponding to asymmetric and symmetric elongation vibrations of the -CH2 groups showing the presence of the clay silane. The peaks of intensity between 1239.65 and 1030.05 cm-1 can be attributed to the -C-O groups of alcohols, Esther, ether, amorphous silica or -C-O bonds of celluloses and lignins showing the presence of the shells in the mixture.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder
AU  - Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel
AU  - Djomi Rolland
AU  - Mveh Chantal Marguerite
AU  - Tchotang Theodore
AU  - Touani Chualeu Parfait
AU  - Ngohe Ekam Paul Salomon
Y1  - 2022/10/11
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
SP  - 191
EP  - 200
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13
AB  - The work presented in this article consists in demonstrating that the mixture of clay from clay soils and palm nut shell powder is possible for the production of raw clay bricks.  For that, we have made characterizations of the mixture of the powder of shells of palm kernel and the clay resulting from the argillaceous grounds of Nomayos which was the subject of a publication. Then, we made the bricks with 0% of load and with 30% of load that we had characterized physically, chemically, thermally and mechanically. The results of the physical characterization allowed us to conclude that the density of the material decreases when it is loaded with 30% of palm kernel shell powder but increases and improves the resistance to bending and compression for the same percentage of load. For the results of the thermal characterization, the ATG, the DSC and the DTG showed: for the clay brick, the presence of free water, Kaolinite, illite and Quartz in important proportion affirming that this clay is of the kaolinite type. For the shells, the presence of free water, cellulose, and lignin; for the mixture with 30% of palm kernel shell powder, the presence of both free water, Kaolinite, illite, Quartz, cellulose, and lignin showing the presence of both clay and shells in the mixture. For the results of the chemical characterization, FTIR showed: for clay, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm-1 and 2865 cm-1, absorption peaks at 1554 cm-1, 1494 cm-1 and 693 cm-1 and a peak near 1307 cm-1. For the shells, the presence of intensity bands at 2924.39 cm-1, average intensity of the fine band between 1509.08 cm-1 and 1606.26 cm-1, intensity peaks between 1372.10 cm-1 and 1317.91 then 1239.65-1030.05 cm-1. For the clay-shell mixture, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm-1 and 2865 cm-1 corresponding to asymmetric and symmetric elongation vibrations of the -CH2 groups showing the presence of the clay silane. The peaks of intensity between 1239.65 and 1030.05 cm-1 can be attributed to the -C-O groups of alcohols, Esther, ether, amorphous silica or -C-O bonds of celluloses and lignins showing the presence of the shells in the mixture.
VL  - 10
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel

Civil and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Djomi Rolland

Civil and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Mveh Chantal Marguerite

Applied Computer Science Laboratory, National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Tchotang Theodore

Civil and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Touani Chualeu Parfait

Civil and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Ngohe Ekam Paul Salomon

Energetics Laboratory, National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

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Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel, Djomi Rolland, Mveh Chantal Marguerite, Tchotang Theodore, Touani Chualeu Parfait, et al. (2022). Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 10(5), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13

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ACS Style

Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel; Djomi Rolland; Mveh Chantal Marguerite; Tchotang Theodore; Touani Chualeu Parfait, et al. Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 191-200. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13

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AMA Style

Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel, Djomi Rolland, Mveh Chantal Marguerite, Tchotang Theodore, Touani Chualeu Parfait, et al. Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder. Am J Civ Eng. 2022;10(5):191-200. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13,
  author = {Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel and Djomi Rolland and Mveh Chantal Marguerite and Tchotang Theodore and Touani Chualeu Parfait and Ngohe Ekam Paul Salomon},
  title = {Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {191-200},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20221005.13},
  abstract = {The work presented in this article consists in demonstrating that the mixture of clay from clay soils and palm nut shell powder is possible for the production of raw clay bricks.  For that, we have made characterizations of the mixture of the powder of shells of palm kernel and the clay resulting from the argillaceous grounds of Nomayos which was the subject of a publication. Then, we made the bricks with 0% of load and with 30% of load that we had characterized physically, chemically, thermally and mechanically. The results of the physical characterization allowed us to conclude that the density of the material decreases when it is loaded with 30% of palm kernel shell powder but increases and improves the resistance to bending and compression for the same percentage of load. For the results of the thermal characterization, the ATG, the DSC and the DTG showed: for the clay brick, the presence of free water, Kaolinite, illite and Quartz in important proportion affirming that this clay is of the kaolinite type. For the shells, the presence of free water, cellulose, and lignin; for the mixture with 30% of palm kernel shell powder, the presence of both free water, Kaolinite, illite, Quartz, cellulose, and lignin showing the presence of both clay and shells in the mixture. For the results of the chemical characterization, FTIR showed: for clay, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm-1 and 2865 cm-1, absorption peaks at 1554 cm-1, 1494 cm-1 and 693 cm-1 and a peak near 1307 cm-1. For the shells, the presence of intensity bands at 2924.39 cm-1, average intensity of the fine band between 1509.08 cm-1 and 1606.26 cm-1, intensity peaks between 1372.10 cm-1 and 1317.91 then 1239.65-1030.05 cm-1. For the clay-shell mixture, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm-1 and 2865 cm-1 corresponding to asymmetric and symmetric elongation vibrations of the -CH2 groups showing the presence of the clay silane. The peaks of intensity between 1239.65 and 1030.05 cm-1 can be attributed to the -C-O groups of alcohols, Esther, ether, amorphous silica or -C-O bonds of celluloses and lignins showing the presence of the shells in the mixture.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Study of Clay Soils, Case of Nomayos-Cameroon: Thermophysical and Chemicomechanical Characterization of Clay Bricks Loaded with 30% Palm Kernel Shell Powder
AU  - Hamka Hamka Adolphe Claudel
AU  - Djomi Rolland
AU  - Mveh Chantal Marguerite
AU  - Tchotang Theodore
AU  - Touani Chualeu Parfait
AU  - Ngohe Ekam Paul Salomon
Y1  - 2022/10/11
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
SP  - 191
EP  - 200
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20221005.13
AB  - The work presented in this article consists in demonstrating that the mixture of clay from clay soils and palm nut shell powder is possible for the production of raw clay bricks.  For that, we have made characterizations of the mixture of the powder of shells of palm kernel and the clay resulting from the argillaceous grounds of Nomayos which was the subject of a publication. Then, we made the bricks with 0% of load and with 30% of load that we had characterized physically, chemically, thermally and mechanically. The results of the physical characterization allowed us to conclude that the density of the material decreases when it is loaded with 30% of palm kernel shell powder but increases and improves the resistance to bending and compression for the same percentage of load. For the results of the thermal characterization, the ATG, the DSC and the DTG showed: for the clay brick, the presence of free water, Kaolinite, illite and Quartz in important proportion affirming that this clay is of the kaolinite type. For the shells, the presence of free water, cellulose, and lignin; for the mixture with 30% of palm kernel shell powder, the presence of both free water, Kaolinite, illite, Quartz, cellulose, and lignin showing the presence of both clay and shells in the mixture. For the results of the chemical characterization, FTIR showed: for clay, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm-1 and 2865 cm-1, absorption peaks at 1554 cm-1, 1494 cm-1 and 693 cm-1 and a peak near 1307 cm-1. For the shells, the presence of intensity bands at 2924.39 cm-1, average intensity of the fine band between 1509.08 cm-1 and 1606.26 cm-1, intensity peaks between 1372.10 cm-1 and 1317.91 then 1239.65-1030.05 cm-1. For the clay-shell mixture, the presence of adsorption bands at 2931 cm-1 and 2865 cm-1 corresponding to asymmetric and symmetric elongation vibrations of the -CH2 groups showing the presence of the clay silane. The peaks of intensity between 1239.65 and 1030.05 cm-1 can be attributed to the -C-O groups of alcohols, Esther, ether, amorphous silica or -C-O bonds of celluloses and lignins showing the presence of the shells in the mixture.
VL  - 10
IS  - 5
ER  -

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