The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females

Yang Han; Feng Yang; Haiyan Zhang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11

| Peer-Reviewed

The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females

Yang Han, Feng Yang, Haiyan Zhang

Published in American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 12, Issue 4)

Received: 28 June 2023 Accepted: 13 July 2023 Published: 21 July 2023

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Social media has become a part of our daily life in modern society and exerts a widespread and profound impact on individuals’ physical and mental health. Self-objectification, a phenomenon widely observed on young females, generally means that women tend to regard their body as an object by adopting the societal beauty standard prevalent in a specific society, and evaluate their body from a bystander perspective. Although the objectification theory was initially proposed since 1997, the close connection between social media use and the self-objectification of females actually has received continuous attention from researchers due to the prevalence of social media in modern society and the primary role of social media in contributing to the self-objectification of females. On the basis of reviewing the existing research concerning social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research firstly systematically reviewed the relationship between social media use and females’ self-objectification, and also attempted to clarify the mediating mechanisms between them — the internalization of societal beauty standard (cognitive mechanism) and appearance anxiety (affective mechanism). In addition, the research discussed several protective factors that may mitigate the objectification tendency of females, including physical activities, self-compassion, and social media literacy. Finally, the research discussed some potential limitations in the field of social media use and female self-objectification, and possible directions in future research. By systematically reviewing the literature regarding social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research will deepen our understanding of how social media use will be related to the self-objectification of females and also provide practical implications for how we can promote the mental health of female social media users in daily life.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 12, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11
Page(s)	79-87
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Social Media, Objectification Theory, Media Psychology, Feminism, Mental Health

References

[1]	Overstreet, N. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2012). Contingencies of self-worth and appearance concerns: Do domains of self-worth matter? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36 (3), 314-325. doi: 10.1177/0361684311435221.
[2]	Daniels, E. A., Zurbriggen, E. L., & Ward, L. M. (2020). Becoming an object: A review of self-objectification in girls. Body Image, 33, 278-299. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.016.
[3]	Roberts, T. A., Calogero, R. M., & Gervais, S. J. (2018). Objectification theory: Continuing contributions to feminist psychology. In C. B. Travis, J. W. White, A. Rutherford, W. S. Williams, S. L. Cook, & K. F. Wyche (Eds.), APA handbook of the psychology of women: History, theory, and battlegrounds (pp. 249-271). American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/0000059-013.
[4]	Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. psychology of women quarterly, 21 (2), 173-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.
[5]	O'Day, E. B., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021). Social media use, social anxiety, and loneliness: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, p. 3, e100070. doi: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100070.
[6]	Ellison, N. B., & Boyd, D. (2013). Sociality through social network sites. In W. H. Dutton (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of internet studies (pp. 151—172). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[7]	Smith, A. & Anderson, M. (2018). Social Media Use in 2018. Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/617452/social-media-use-in-2018/1598263/ on 22 May 2023. Cid. 20.500.12592/sbdzx7.
[8]	Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. doi: 00187267540070020210.1177/001872675400700202.
[9]	Schmuck, D., Karsay, K., Matthes, J., & Stevic, A. (2019). “Looking Up and Feeling Down”. The influence of mobile social networking site use on upward social comparison, self-esteem, and well-being of adult smartphone users. Telematics and informatics, 42, 101240. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2019.101240.
[10]	Steers, M. L. N., Wickham, R. E., & Acitelli, L. K. (2014). Seeing everyone else's highlight reels: How Facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33 (8), 701-729. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2014.33.8.701.
[11]	Holland, E., Koval, P., Stratemeyer, M., Thomson, F., & Haslam, N. (2017). Sexual objectification in women's daily lives: a smartphone ecological momentary assessment study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56 (2), 314-333. doi: 10.1111/bjso.1215210.1111/bjso.12152.
[12]	Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2015). "Exercise to be fit, not skinny": the effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image. Body image, 15, 61-67. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.06.003.
[13]	Murray, M., Maras, D., & Goldfield, G. S. (2016). Excessive time on social networking sites and disordered eating behaviors among undergraduate students: appearance and weight esteem as mediating pathways. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 19 (12), 709-715. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.038410.1089/cyber.2016.0384.
[14]	Yao, L., Niu, G., Sun, X., Duan, C., & Zheng, Y. (2020). Selfie-posting on social networking sites, body surveillance, and exercise for weight control among Chinese young women with low body mass index. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, p. 51, 101767. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101767.
[15]	Roberts, T. A., & Gettman, J. Y. (2004). Mere exposure: Gender differences in the negative effects of priming a state of self-objectification. Sex Roles, 51, 17-27. doi: 10.1023/B:SERS.0000032306.20462.22.
[16]	Yang, H., Wang, J. J., Tng, G. Y., & Yang, S. (2020). Effects of social media and smartphone use on body esteem in female adolescents: Testing a cognitive and affective model. children, 7 (9), 148. doi: 10.3390/children7090148.
[17]	Raggatt, M., Wright, C. J., Carrotte, E., Jenkinson, R., Mulgrew, K., Prichard, I., & Lim, M. S. (2018). "I aspire to look and feel healthy like the posts convey": engagement with fitness inspiration on social media and perceptions of its influence on health and well-being. BMC Public Health, pp. 18, 1-11. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5930-7.
[18]	Robinson, L., Prichard, I., Nikolaidis, A., Drummond, C., Drummond, M., & Tiggemann, M. (2017). Idealised media images: the effect of fitspiration imagery on body satisfaction and exercise behaviour. Body image, 22, 65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.06.001.
[19]	Greenleaf, C., & McGreer, R. (2006). Disordered eating attitudes and self-objectification among physically active and sedentary female college students. The Journal of Psychology, 140 (3), 187-198. doi: 10.3200/JRLP.140.3.187-198.
[20]	Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2010). Body image and disordered eating in adolescent girls and boys: A test of objectification theory. Sex roles, 63, 42-49. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9794-2.
[21]	Tiggemann, M., & Miller, J. (2010). The Internet and adolescent girls’ weight satisfaction and drive for thinness. Sex roles, 63, 79-90. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9789-z.
[22]	Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. American Psychological Association.
[23]	Monro, F., & Huon, G. (2005). Media-portrayed idealized images, body shame, and appearance anxiety. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38 (1), 85-90. doi: 10.1002/eat.20153.
[24]	Prichard, I., Kavanagh, E., Mulgrew, K. E., Lim, M. S., & Tiggemann, M. (2020). Instagram# fitspiration images affect young women's mood, body image, and exercise behaviour. Body image, 33, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.002.
[25]	O'Brien, J., Ginis, K. A. M., & Kirk, D. (2008). The effects of a body-focused physical and health education module on self-objectification and social physique anxiety in Irish girls. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, pp. 27, 116-126. doi: 10.1123/jtpe.27.1.116.
[26]	Smolak, L., Murnen, S. K., & Ruble, A. E. (2000). Female athletes and eating problems: A meta-analysis. International journal of eating disorders, 27 (4), 371-380. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200005)27: 4<371: aid-eat1>3.0.co; 2-y.
[27]	Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2012). Time since menarche and sport participation as predictors of self-objectification: A longitudinal study of adolescent girls. Sex Roles, 67, 571 -581. doi: 10.1007/s11199-012-0200-0.
[28]	Rauscher, L., Kauer, K., & Wilson, B. D. M. (2013). The healthy body paradox: Organizational and interactional influences on preadolescent girls' body image in Los Angeles. Gender & Society, 27, 208-230. doi: 10.1177/0891243212472054.
[29]	Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2015). Media exposure, extracurricular activities, and appearance-related comments as predictors of female adolescents' self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39, 375-389. doi: 10.1177/0361684314554606.
[30]	Prichard, I., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). Relations among exercise type, self-objectification, and body image in the fitness center environment: the role of reasons for exercise. psychology of sport and exercise, 9 (6), 855-866. doi: j.psychsport.2007.10.005.
[31]	Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Deconstructing mindfulness and constructing mental health: Understanding mindfulness and its mechanisms of action. Mindfulness, pp. 1, 235-253. doi: 10.1007/s12671-010-0033-2.
[32]	Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, pp. 5, 1-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x.
[33]	Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 894-908. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894.
[34]	Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77, 23-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x.
[35]	Hall, C. W., Row, K. A., Wuensch, K. L., & Godley, K. R. (2013). The role of self-compassion in physical and psychological well-being. Journal of Psychology, 147, 311-323. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2012.693138.
[36]	MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, pp. 32, 545-552. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003.
[37]	Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, pp. 2, 223-250. doi: 10.1080/ 15298860309027.
[38]	Liss, M., & Erchull, M. J. (2015). Not hating what you see: Self-compassion may protect against negative mental health variables connected to self-objectification in college women. Body Image, 14, 5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.02.006.
[39]	Stapleton, P., Crighton, G. J., Carter, B., & Pidgeon, A. (2017). Self-esteem and body image in females: The mediating role of self-compassion and appearance contingent self-worth. The Humanistic Psychologist, 45 (3), 238–257. doi: 10.1037/hum0000059.
[40]	Modica, C. (2019). Facebook, body esteem, and body surveillance in adult women: The moderating role of self-compassion and appearance-contingent self-worth. Body Image, 29, 17–30. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.002.
[41]	Paxton, S. J., McLean, S. A., & Rodgers, R. F. (2022). “My critical filter buffers your app filter”: Social media literacy as a protective factor for body image. Body image, 40, 158-164. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.009.
[42]	Steinsbekk, S., Wichstrøm, L., Stenseng, F., Nesi, J., Hygen, B. W., & Skalická, V. (2021). The impact of social media use on appearance self-esteem from childhood to adolescence–A 3-wave community study. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106528.doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106528.
[43]	Mahon, C., & Hevey, D. (2021). Processing body image on social media: gender differences in adolescent boys' and girls' agency and active coping. Frontiers in Psychology, p. 12, 1703. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626763.
[44]	Seekis, V., Bradley, G. L., & Duffy, A. L. (2020). Appearance-related social networking sites and body image in young women: Testing an objectification-social comparison model. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44 (3), 377-392. doi: 10.1177/036168432092082610.1177/0361684320920826.
[45]	Blake, K. R., Bastian, B., Denson, T. F., Grosjean, P., & Brooks, R. C. (2018). Income inequality not gender inequality positively covaries with female sexualization on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115 (35), 8722-8727. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1717959115/-/DCSupplemental10.1073/pnas.1717959115/-/DCSupplemental.
[46]	Petersen, J. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2013). Peer sexual harassment and disordered eating in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 49, 184-195. doi: 10.1037/a0028247.
[47]	Veldhuis, J., Konijn, E. A., & Seidell, J. C. (2012). Weight information labels on media models reduce body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 600-606. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.249.
[48]	Gagne, D. A., Von Holle, A., Brownley, K. A., Runfola, C. D., Hofmeier, S., & Branch, K. E., et al. (2012). Eating disorder symptoms and weight and shape concerns in a large web-based convenience sample of women ages 50 and above: Results of the gender and body. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45, 832-844. doi: 10.1002/eat.22030.
[49]	Pruis, T. A., & Janowsky, J. S. (2010). Assessment of body image in younger and older women. The Journal of General Psychology, 137, 225-238. doi: 10.1080/00221309.2010.484446.
[50]	Yellowlees, R., Dingemans, A. E., Veldhuis, J., & de Vaate, A. B. (2019). Face yourself (ie): Investigating selfie-behavior in females with severe eating disorder symptoms. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.018.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Yang Han, Feng Yang, Haiyan Zhang. (2023). The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 12(4), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Yang Han; Feng Yang; Haiyan Zhang. The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2023, 12(4), 79-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Yang Han, Feng Yang, Haiyan Zhang. The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females. Am J Appl Psychol. 2023;12(4):79-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11,
  author = {Yang Han and Feng Yang and Haiyan Zhang},
  title = {The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {79-87},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20231204.11},
  abstract = {Social media has become a part of our daily life in modern society and exerts a widespread and profound impact on individuals’ physical and mental health. Self-objectification, a phenomenon widely observed on young females, generally means that women tend to regard their body as an object by adopting the societal beauty standard prevalent in a specific society, and evaluate their body from a bystander perspective. Although the objectification theory was initially proposed since 1997, the close connection between social media use and the self-objectification of females actually has received continuous attention from researchers due to the prevalence of social media in modern society and the primary role of social media in contributing to the self-objectification of females. On the basis of reviewing the existing research concerning social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research firstly systematically reviewed the relationship between social media use and females’ self-objectification, and also attempted to clarify the mediating mechanisms between them — the internalization of societal beauty standard (cognitive mechanism) and appearance anxiety (affective mechanism). In addition, the research discussed several protective factors that may mitigate the objectification tendency of females, including physical activities, self-compassion, and social media literacy. Finally, the research discussed some potential limitations in the field of social media use and female self-objectification, and possible directions in future research. By systematically reviewing the literature regarding social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research will deepen our understanding of how social media use will be related to the self-objectification of females and also provide practical implications for how we can promote the mental health of female social media users in daily life.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females
AU  - Yang Han
AU  - Feng Yang
AU  - Haiyan Zhang
Y1  - 2023/07/21
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11
T2  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JF  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JO  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
SP  - 79
EP  - 87
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5672
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11
AB  - Social media has become a part of our daily life in modern society and exerts a widespread and profound impact on individuals’ physical and mental health. Self-objectification, a phenomenon widely observed on young females, generally means that women tend to regard their body as an object by adopting the societal beauty standard prevalent in a specific society, and evaluate their body from a bystander perspective. Although the objectification theory was initially proposed since 1997, the close connection between social media use and the self-objectification of females actually has received continuous attention from researchers due to the prevalence of social media in modern society and the primary role of social media in contributing to the self-objectification of females. On the basis of reviewing the existing research concerning social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research firstly systematically reviewed the relationship between social media use and females’ self-objectification, and also attempted to clarify the mediating mechanisms between them — the internalization of societal beauty standard (cognitive mechanism) and appearance anxiety (affective mechanism). In addition, the research discussed several protective factors that may mitigate the objectification tendency of females, including physical activities, self-compassion, and social media literacy. Finally, the research discussed some potential limitations in the field of social media use and female self-objectification, and possible directions in future research. By systematically reviewing the literature regarding social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research will deepen our understanding of how social media use will be related to the self-objectification of females and also provide practical implications for how we can promote the mental health of female social media users in daily life.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Yang Han

Department of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
Feng Yang

Department of Teacher Education, Taishan University, Tai’an, China
Haiyan Zhang

Department of Teacher Education, Taishan University, Tai’an, China

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Yang Han, Feng Yang, Haiyan Zhang. (2023). The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 12(4), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Yang Han; Feng Yang; Haiyan Zhang. The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2023, 12(4), 79-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Yang Han, Feng Yang, Haiyan Zhang. The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females. Am J Appl Psychol. 2023;12(4):79-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11,
  author = {Yang Han and Feng Yang and Haiyan Zhang},
  title = {The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {79-87},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20231204.11},
  abstract = {Social media has become a part of our daily life in modern society and exerts a widespread and profound impact on individuals’ physical and mental health. Self-objectification, a phenomenon widely observed on young females, generally means that women tend to regard their body as an object by adopting the societal beauty standard prevalent in a specific society, and evaluate their body from a bystander perspective. Although the objectification theory was initially proposed since 1997, the close connection between social media use and the self-objectification of females actually has received continuous attention from researchers due to the prevalence of social media in modern society and the primary role of social media in contributing to the self-objectification of females. On the basis of reviewing the existing research concerning social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research firstly systematically reviewed the relationship between social media use and females’ self-objectification, and also attempted to clarify the mediating mechanisms between them — the internalization of societal beauty standard (cognitive mechanism) and appearance anxiety (affective mechanism). In addition, the research discussed several protective factors that may mitigate the objectification tendency of females, including physical activities, self-compassion, and social media literacy. Finally, the research discussed some potential limitations in the field of social media use and female self-objectification, and possible directions in future research. By systematically reviewing the literature regarding social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research will deepen our understanding of how social media use will be related to the self-objectification of females and also provide practical implications for how we can promote the mental health of female social media users in daily life.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females
AU  - Yang Han
AU  - Feng Yang
AU  - Haiyan Zhang
Y1  - 2023/07/21
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11
T2  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JF  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JO  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
SP  - 79
EP  - 87
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5672
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11
AB  - Social media has become a part of our daily life in modern society and exerts a widespread and profound impact on individuals’ physical and mental health. Self-objectification, a phenomenon widely observed on young females, generally means that women tend to regard their body as an object by adopting the societal beauty standard prevalent in a specific society, and evaluate their body from a bystander perspective. Although the objectification theory was initially proposed since 1997, the close connection between social media use and the self-objectification of females actually has received continuous attention from researchers due to the prevalence of social media in modern society and the primary role of social media in contributing to the self-objectification of females. On the basis of reviewing the existing research concerning social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research firstly systematically reviewed the relationship between social media use and females’ self-objectification, and also attempted to clarify the mediating mechanisms between them — the internalization of societal beauty standard (cognitive mechanism) and appearance anxiety (affective mechanism). In addition, the research discussed several protective factors that may mitigate the objectification tendency of females, including physical activities, self-compassion, and social media literacy. Finally, the research discussed some potential limitations in the field of social media use and female self-objectification, and possible directions in future research. By systematically reviewing the literature regarding social media use and the self-objectification of females, the present research will deepen our understanding of how social media use will be related to the self-objectification of females and also provide practical implications for how we can promote the mental health of female social media users in daily life.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download